VI - Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

This term literally means “new growth”.

A

Neoplasia

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

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2
Q

An abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of stimuli which evoked the change.

A

Neoplasm

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

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3
Q

Study of tumors.

A

Oncology

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

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4
Q

Benign or malignant?Localized

A

Benign

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

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5
Q

Benign or malignant?Amenable to surgical removal

A

Benign

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

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6
Q

Benign or malignant?Invades and destroys adjacent tissues.

A

Malignant

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

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7
Q

What are the two basic components of tumors?

A

Parenchyma and Stroma

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8
Q

Benign or malignant?Metastasis

A

Malignant

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

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9
Q

This component of tumors largely determines its biologic behavior.

A

Parenchyma

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

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10
Q

This component of tumors determines the name of the growth.

A

Parenchyma

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

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11
Q

This component of tumors is crucial to the growth of neoplasms since it carries the blood supply and provides support to the growth of cells.

A

Stroma

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

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12
Q

Benign or malignant?Fibroma

A

Benign

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

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13
Q

Benign or malignant?Chondroma

A

Benign

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

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14
Q

Benign or malignant?Adenoma

A

Benign

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

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15
Q

Benign or malignant?Hepatoma

A

Malignant

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

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16
Q

Benign or malignant?Papilloma

A

Benign

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

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17
Q

Malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissue or its derivatives.

A

Sarcomas

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

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18
Q

Benign tumor arising in fibrous tissue is called?

A

Fibroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

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19
Q

A benign cartilagenous tumor is called?

A

Chondroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

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20
Q

This is a benign epithelial neoplasm which produces glandular patterns or neoplasms derived from glands but not necessarily exhibit glandular patterns

A

Adenoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

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21
Q

These are benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds.

A

Papillomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

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22
Q

A mass that projects above a mucosal surface to form a macroscopically visible structure.

A

Polyps(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

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23
Q

A cancer of fibrous tissue origin.

A

Fibrosarcoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

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24
Q

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin.

A

Carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

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25
Q

Carcinoma of squamous cell origin.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

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26
Q

Benign or malignant?Lymphoma

A

Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

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27
Q

Benign or malignant?Seminoma

A

Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

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28
Q

The extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their normal forebears morphologically and functionally.

A

Differentiation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

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29
Q

This is considered a hallmark of malignancy, which literally means “to form backward”.

A

Anaplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.177

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30
Q

These cells display marked pleomorphism, nuclei are variable and bizzare in size and shape. Chromatin is course and clumped. Mitoses are often numerous and distinctly atypical.

A

Anaplastic cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.177

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31
Q

This term is defined by disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation of cells, described as a loss in uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation.

A

Dysplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178

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32
Q

Defined as dysplastic changes which involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.

A

Carcinoma -in- situ(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178

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33
Q

True or false?Dysplasia always progress to cancer.

A

False(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178

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34
Q

True or false?Lack of capsule in a neoplastic growth indicates malignancy.

A

FalseSome benign tumors are not encapsulated.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179

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35
Q

This term describes the development of secondary implants discontinuous with the primary tumor, in remote tissues.

A

Metastasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179

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36
Q

Next to metastasis, this is the most reliable feature that distinguishes malignant from benign tumors.

A

Local invasiveness(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179

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37
Q

Methods of dissemination of malignant neoplasms? (3)

A

SeedingLymphatic spreadHematogenous spread(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

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38
Q

This is the mode of dissemination of cancers of the ovary and CNS.

A

Spread by seeding(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

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39
Q

This is the mode of dissemination more typical of carcinomas.

A

Lymphatic spread(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

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40
Q

This is the mode of dissemination more typical of sarcomas.

A

Hematogenous spread

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

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41
Q

It is defined as the first lymph node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from a primary tumor.

A

Sentinel lymph node

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

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42
Q

What are the most common sites of metastasis involved in hematogenous dissemination of cancer?

A

Liver and lungs

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.181

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43
Q

This substance is a byproduct of metal smelting, a component of alloys, electrical and semiconductor devices which could cause cancer of the lungs and skin and hemangiosarcomas. Name Antidote.

A

Arsenic and its compounds
Antidote: NAC

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

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44
Q

This substance was formerly used for fire-resistant textiles and construction materials which could cause lung cancer and more prominently malignant mesothelioma

A

Asbestos

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

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45
Q

This substance is commonly used as a solvent in paint, rubber, dry cleaning, adhesives and detergents which could cause leukemias and Hodgkin lymphoma.

A

Benzene

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

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46
Q

This substance is used as hardener for metal alloys used in aerospace applications and nuclear reactors which is commonly associated with cancer of the lung.

A

Beryllium and its compounds

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

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47
Q

This substance is used in solders, batteries and metal alloys commonly associated with cancers of the prostate. Name antidote.

A

Cadmium and its compounds
Antidote: EDTA

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

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48
Q

This substance is a refrigerant and used as adhesive for plastics, which causes hepatic angiosarcoma.

A

Vinyl chloride

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

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49
Q

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome RB gene

A

Retinoblastoma

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

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50
Q

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome p53

A

Li Fraumeni Syndrome

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

51
Q

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis / Colon CA

A

APC Gene

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

52
Q

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome : Breast on Ovarian Tumors

A

BRCA 1 gene

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

53
Q

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome: Breast Cancer only

A

BRCA 2 gene

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

54
Q

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome RET gene

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1 and 2

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

55
Q

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome : Colon cancer

A

kras gene

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

56
Q

Normal cellular genes whose products promote cell proliferation.

A

Proto-oncogenes

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.188

57
Q

It is a naturally occurring carcinogenic agent produced by some strains of Aspergillus, a mold that grows on improperly stored grains and nuts.

A

Aflatoxin B

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.209

58
Q

There is a strong correlation between the dietary level of Aflatoxin and what type of cancer?

A

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.209

59
Q

These substances require metabolic conversion to be carcinogenic.

A

Indirect - acting carcinogens

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.209

60
Q

These substances stimulate proliferation of the mutated cells.

A

Promoters

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.210

61
Q

How does ionizing radiation cause cancer?

A

Through chromosome breakage, translocations and point mutations leading to genetic damage and carcinogenesis.

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.210

62
Q

What is the mechanism of action of UV rays in the formation of neoplastic cells?

A

UV rays induce formation of pyrimidine dimers within DNA leading to mutations.

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.210

63
Q

This is the only retrovirus that has been demonstrated to cause cancer in humans.

A

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus -1 (HTLV-1)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.211

64
Q

HPV strains which has been implicated in the genesis of cervical and anorectal cancer.

A

HPV 16, 18

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.212

65
Q
EBV has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the following cancers except:
A. Burkitt lymphoma
B. Lymphoma in HIV patients
C. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
D. Hodgkin lymphoma
E. None of the above
A

E. none of the above

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.212

66
Q

Which hepatitis virus leads to hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

HBV, HCV

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.213

67
Q

This is the first bacterium to be classified as a carcinogen.

A

Helicobacter pylori

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.213

68
Q

What type of cancer can be caused by H.pylori?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma Gastric MALT lymphomas

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.214

69
Q

These are benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds.

A

Papillomas

70
Q

Tumor antigens are presented on the cell surface by MHC Class I molecules to which type of T lymphocytes?

A

CD8+ T lymphocytes

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.215

71
Q

Single most important defining characteristic of malignancy

A

Metastasis

72
Q

A biopsy of the stomach reveals an area of normal appearing pancreatic tissue. This is an example of what type of lesion?

A

Choristoma

73
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma tends to metastasize where?

A

Adrenals and brain

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 274

74
Q

The most frequent form of cancer in males

A

Prostate cancer

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 276

75
Q

The most frequent form of cancer in females

A

Breast cancer

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 276

76
Q

Most common cause of cancer death in both male and female

A

Lung cancer

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 276

77
Q

Most important infectious agent associated with cervical carcinoma and head and neck cancers.

A

Human papilloma virus

78
Q

Leukoplakia may give rise to what type of carcinoma?

A

Squamous carcinoma

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 279

79
Q

Most common type of abnormality involving proto-oncogenes in human tumors

A

Point mutations of RAS family genes

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 286

80
Q

Activation of ABL nonreceptor tyrosine kinase by chromosomal translocation and creation of BCR-ABL fusion gene is associated with what type of leukemia

A

CML, ALL

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 290

81
Q

“Guardian of the genome”, a tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular senescence, and apoptosis, and the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers

A

TP53

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 293

82
Q

“Gatekeeper of colonic neoplasia”; tumor suppressor that function by downregulating growth-promoting signaling pathways.

A

APC

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 296

83
Q

Steps in invasion of cancer cells

A

Dissociation of cancer cells-Degradation of ECM-Attachment to novel ECM components-Migration and invasion of tumor cells.

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 306

84
Q

Autosomal dominant disorder characterized by familial carcinomas of the colon predominantly cecum and proximal colon.

A

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) syndrome

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 314

85
Q

Syndrome causing colon cancer resulting from defects in a family of genes encoding a group of proteins that work together to carry out DNA mismatch repair.

A

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) syndrome

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 314

86
Q

The increased incidence of skin cancer following UV light exposure associated with xeroderma pigmentosus is caused by:

A

Disorder of DNA repair/inability to repair pyrimidine dimers(HNPCC) syndrome

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 314

87
Q

Pathogenesis of this tumor involves the translocation resulting to overactivity of MYC gene

A

Burkitt lymphoma

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 317

88
Q

Philadelphia chromosome is characteristic of what type of leukemia

A

CML

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 317

89
Q

An important cause of benign warts, cervical cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer

A

HPV

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 329

90
Q

Implicated in gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma

A

H. pylori

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 329

91
Q

Cytokine implicated in cancer cachexia

A

TNF-alpha

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 330

92
Q

The most common endocrinopathy ; usually seen in small-cell lung carcinoma

A

Cushing syndrome

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 330

93
Q

The most common paraneoplastic syndrome related to cancer; seen in patients with squamous cell carcinoma

A

Hypercalcemia

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 330

94
Q

The most important humoral factor associated with paraneoplastic hypercalcemia of malignancy.

A

PTHRP

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 330

95
Q

Tumor marker:Medullary carcinoma of thyroid

A

Calcitonin

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337

96
Q

Tumor marker:Trophoblastic tumors

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337

97
Q

Tumor marker: liver cell cancer and nonseminomatous germ cell tumor

A

Alpha fetoprotein

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337

98
Q

Tumor markers: prostate cancer

A

PSA and prostatic acid phosphatase

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p.337

99
Q

Tumor marker: pheochromocytoma

A

Catecholamine

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337

100
Q

Tumor marker: ovarian cancer

A

CA-125

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337

101
Q

Cervical biopsy of a 35 y/o female with cervical erosion shows squamous epithelium that exhibit atypia, pleomorphism, disorderly spatial arrangement. This adaptive response is:

A

Dysplasia

102
Q

RAS oncogene qualitatively changes function of proto-oncogene through which form of mutation?

A

Point mutations

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 286

103
Q

Chemical carcinogen implicated in the causation of mesothelioma

A

Asbestos

104
Q

A 56 year old woman with a breast mass has a preoperative diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma by core needle biopsy, with no palpable axillary lymph nodes. She undergoes surgery where her breast mass is injected with a blue dye, and the first axillary node that takes up the dye is submitted to pathology. Which method is next done on the node if the surgeon wants to know within minutes if there is metastasis? (A) fine needle aspiration (B) frozen section (C) immunohistochemistry (D) flow cytometry

A

frozen section

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed, p 220

105
Q

A 25 year old male with an intranasal mass undergoes a tissue biopsy that shows malignant round cells. The pathologist needs to know if it is an undifferentiated carcinoma or a lymphoma. What can be done to differentiate? (A) Frozen section (B) Immunohistochemistry (C) Flow cytometry (D) serologic tumor markers

A

Immunohistochemistry

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed pp220-221

106
Q

A 12 year old female presents with pallor and gum bleeding. A complete blood count with peripheral smear shows numerous blasts. What is needed to be done on her bone marrow for a more precise diagnosis? (A) frozen section (B) papanicolau smear (C) aspiration and flow cytometry (D) serologic tumor markers

A

aspiration and flow cytometry

Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p 221

107
Q

Interleukin for fever and endorphins

A

IL-1

108
Q

Interleukin for neutrophil attraction

A

IL-8

109
Q

Interleukin for lymphocyte proliferation

A

IL-2

110
Q

Interleukin for Ig production

A

IL-2

111
Q

Interleukin for acute phase reaction

A

IL-6

112
Q

Cytokine for macrophage activation

A

Interferon gamma

113
Q

Interleukin for fever and endorphins

A

IL-1

114
Q

Interleukin for neutrophil attraction

A

IL-8

115
Q

Interleukin for lymphocyte proliferation

A

IL-2

116
Q

Interleukin for Ig production

A

IL-2

117
Q

Interleukin for acute phase reaction

A

IL-6

118
Q

Cytokine for macrophage activation

A

Interferon gamma

119
Q

Interleukin for fever and endorphins

A

IL-1

119
Q

Interleukin for neutrophil attraction

A

IL-8

120
Q

Interleukin for lymphocyte proliferation

A

IL-2

121
Q

Interleukin for Ig production

A

IL-2

122
Q

Interleukin for acute phase reaction

A

IL-6

123
Q

Cytokine for macrophage activation

A

Interferon gamma