VI - Neoplasia Flashcards
1
Q
This term literally means “new growth”.
A
Neoplasia
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174
2
Q
An abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of stimuli which evoked the change.
A
Neoplasm
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174
3
Q
Study of tumors.
A
Oncology
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174
4
Q
Benign or malignant?Localized
A
Benign
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174
5
Q
Benign or malignant?Amenable to surgical removal
A
Benign
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174
6
Q
Benign or malignant?Invades and destroys adjacent tissues.
A
Malignant
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174
7
Q
What are the two basic components of tumors?
A
Parenchyma and Stroma
8
Q
Benign or malignant?Metastasis
A
Malignant
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174
9
Q
This component of tumors largely determines its biologic behavior.
A
Parenchyma
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174
10
Q
This component of tumors determines the name of the growth.
A
Parenchyma
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174
11
Q
This component of tumors is crucial to the growth of neoplasms since it carries the blood supply and provides support to the growth of cells.
A
Stroma
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174
12
Q
Benign or malignant?Fibroma
A
Benign
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176
13
Q
Benign or malignant?Chondroma
A
Benign
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176
14
Q
Benign or malignant?Adenoma
A
Benign
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176
15
Q
Benign or malignant?Hepatoma
A
Malignant
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176
16
Q
Benign or malignant?Papilloma
A
Benign
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176
17
Q
Malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissue or its derivatives.
A
Sarcomas
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175
18
Q
Benign tumor arising in fibrous tissue is called?
A
Fibroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175
19
Q
A benign cartilagenous tumor is called?
A
Chondroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175
20
Q
This is a benign epithelial neoplasm which produces glandular patterns or neoplasms derived from glands but not necessarily exhibit glandular patterns
A
Adenoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175
21
Q
These are benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds.
A
Papillomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174
22
Q
A mass that projects above a mucosal surface to form a macroscopically visible structure.
A
Polyps(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175
23
Q
A cancer of fibrous tissue origin.
A
Fibrosarcoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175
24
Q
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin.
A
Carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175
25
Carcinoma of squamous cell origin.
Squamous cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176
26
Benign or malignant?Lymphoma
Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176
27
Benign or malignant?Seminoma
Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176
28
The extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their normal forebears morphologically and functionally.
Differentiation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176
29
This is considered a hallmark of malignancy, which literally means "to form backward".
Anaplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.177
30
These cells display marked pleomorphism, nuclei are variable and bizzare in size and shape. Chromatin is course and clumped. Mitoses are often numerous and distinctly atypical.
Anaplastic cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.177
31
This term is defined by disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation of cells, described as a loss in uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation.
Dysplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178
32
Defined as dysplastic changes which involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.
Carcinoma -in- situ(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178
33
True or false?Dysplasia always progress to cancer.
False(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178
34
True or false?Lack of capsule in a neoplastic growth indicates malignancy.
FalseSome benign tumors are not encapsulated.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179
35
This term describes the development of secondary implants discontinuous with the primary tumor, in remote tissues.
Metastasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179
36
Next to metastasis, this is the most reliable feature that distinguishes malignant from benign tumors.
Local invasiveness(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179
37
Methods of dissemination of malignant neoplasms? (3)
SeedingLymphatic spreadHematogenous spread(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180
38
This is the mode of dissemination of cancers of the ovary and CNS.
Spread by seeding(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180
39
This is the mode of dissemination more typical of carcinomas.
Lymphatic spread(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180
40
This is the mode of dissemination more typical of sarcomas.
Hematogenous spread
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180
41
It is defined as the first lymph node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from a primary tumor.
Sentinel lymph node
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180
42
What are the most common sites of metastasis involved in hematogenous dissemination of cancer?
Liver and lungs
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.181
43
This substance is a byproduct of metal smelting, a component of alloys, electrical and semiconductor devices which could cause cancer of the lungs and skin and hemangiosarcomas. Name Antidote.
Arsenic and its compounds
Antidote: NAC
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183
44
This substance was formerly used for fire-resistant textiles and construction materials which could cause lung cancer and more prominently malignant mesothelioma
Asbestos
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183
45
This substance is commonly used as a solvent in paint, rubber, dry cleaning, adhesives and detergents which could cause leukemias and Hodgkin lymphoma.
Benzene
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183
46
This substance is used as hardener for metal alloys used in aerospace applications and nuclear reactors which is commonly associated with cancer of the lung.
Beryllium and its compounds
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183
47
This substance is used in solders, batteries and metal alloys commonly associated with cancers of the prostate. Name antidote.
Cadmium and its compounds
Antidote: EDTA
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183
48
This substance is a refrigerant and used as adhesive for plastics, which causes hepatic angiosarcoma.
Vinyl chloride
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183
49
Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome RB gene
Retinoblastoma
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184
50
Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome p53
Li Fraumeni Syndrome
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184
51
Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis / Colon CA
APC Gene
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184
52
Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome : Breast on Ovarian Tumors
BRCA 1 gene
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184
53
Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome: Breast Cancer only
BRCA 2 gene
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184
54
Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome RET gene
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1 and 2
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184
55
Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome : Colon cancer
kras gene
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184
56
Normal cellular genes whose products promote cell proliferation.
Proto-oncogenes
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.188
57
It is a naturally occurring carcinogenic agent produced by some strains of Aspergillus, a mold that grows on improperly stored grains and nuts.
Aflatoxin B
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.209
58
There is a strong correlation between the dietary level of Aflatoxin and what type of cancer?
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.209
59
These substances require metabolic conversion to be carcinogenic.
Indirect - acting carcinogens
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.209
60
These substances stimulate proliferation of the mutated cells.
Promoters
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.210
61
How does ionizing radiation cause cancer?
Through chromosome breakage, translocations and point mutations leading to genetic damage and carcinogenesis.
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.210
62
What is the mechanism of action of UV rays in the formation of neoplastic cells?
UV rays induce formation of pyrimidine dimers within DNA leading to mutations.
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.210
63
This is the only retrovirus that has been demonstrated to cause cancer in humans.
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus -1 (HTLV-1)
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.211
64
HPV strains which has been implicated in the genesis of cervical and anorectal cancer.
HPV 16, 18
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.212
65
```
EBV has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the following cancers except:
A. Burkitt lymphoma
B. Lymphoma in HIV patients
C. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
D. Hodgkin lymphoma
E. None of the above
```
E. none of the above
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.212
66
Which hepatitis virus leads to hepatocellular carcinoma?
HBV, HCV
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.213
67
This is the first bacterium to be classified as a carcinogen.
Helicobacter pylori
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.213
68
What type of cancer can be caused by H.pylori?
Gastric adenocarcinoma Gastric MALT lymphomas
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.214
69
These are benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds.
Papillomas
70
Tumor antigens are presented on the cell surface by MHC Class I molecules to which type of T lymphocytes?
CD8+ T lymphocytes
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.215
71
Single most important defining characteristic of malignancy
Metastasis
72
A biopsy of the stomach reveals an area of normal appearing pancreatic tissue. This is an example of what type of lesion?
Choristoma
73
Bronchogenic carcinoma tends to metastasize where?
Adrenals and brain
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 274
74
The most frequent form of cancer in males
Prostate cancer
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 276
75
The most frequent form of cancer in females
Breast cancer
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 276
76
Most common cause of cancer death in both male and female
Lung cancer
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 276
77
Most important infectious agent associated with cervical carcinoma and head and neck cancers.
Human papilloma virus
78
Leukoplakia may give rise to what type of carcinoma?
Squamous carcinoma
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 279
79
Most common type of abnormality involving proto-oncogenes in human tumors
Point mutations of RAS family genes
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 286
80
Activation of ABL nonreceptor tyrosine kinase by chromosomal translocation and creation of BCR-ABL fusion gene is associated with what type of leukemia
CML, ALL
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 290
81
"Guardian of the genome", a tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular senescence, and apoptosis, and the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers
TP53
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 293
82
"Gatekeeper of colonic neoplasia"; tumor suppressor that function by downregulating growth-promoting signaling pathways.
APC
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 296
83
Steps in invasion of cancer cells
Dissociation of cancer cells-Degradation of ECM-Attachment to novel ECM components-Migration and invasion of tumor cells.
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 306
84
Autosomal dominant disorder characterized by familial carcinomas of the colon predominantly cecum and proximal colon.
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) syndrome
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 314
85
Syndrome causing colon cancer resulting from defects in a family of genes encoding a group of proteins that work together to carry out DNA mismatch repair.
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) syndrome
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 314
86
The increased incidence of skin cancer following UV light exposure associated with xeroderma pigmentosus is caused by:
Disorder of DNA repair/inability to repair pyrimidine dimers(HNPCC) syndrome
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 314
87
Pathogenesis of this tumor involves the translocation resulting to overactivity of MYC gene
Burkitt lymphoma
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 317
88
Philadelphia chromosome is characteristic of what type of leukemia
CML
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 317
89
An important cause of benign warts, cervical cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer
HPV
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 329
90
Implicated in gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma
H. pylori
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 329
91
Cytokine implicated in cancer cachexia
TNF-alpha
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 330
92
The most common endocrinopathy ; usually seen in small-cell lung carcinoma
Cushing syndrome
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 330
93
The most common paraneoplastic syndrome related to cancer; seen in patients with squamous cell carcinoma
Hypercalcemia
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 330
94
The most important humoral factor associated with paraneoplastic hypercalcemia of malignancy.
PTHRP
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 330
95
Tumor marker:Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Calcitonin
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337
96
Tumor marker:Trophoblastic tumors
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337
97
Tumor marker: liver cell cancer and nonseminomatous germ cell tumor
Alpha fetoprotein
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337
98
Tumor markers: prostate cancer
PSA and prostatic acid phosphatase
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p.337
99
Tumor marker: pheochromocytoma
Catecholamine
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337
100
Tumor marker: ovarian cancer
CA-125
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 337
101
Cervical biopsy of a 35 y/o female with cervical erosion shows squamous epithelium that exhibit atypia, pleomorphism, disorderly spatial arrangement. This adaptive response is:
Dysplasia
102
RAS oncogene qualitatively changes function of proto-oncogene through which form of mutation?
Point mutations
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 286
103
Chemical carcinogen implicated in the causation of mesothelioma
Asbestos
104
A 56 year old woman with a breast mass has a preoperative diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma by core needle biopsy, with no palpable axillary lymph nodes. She undergoes surgery where her breast mass is injected with a blue dye, and the first axillary node that takes up the dye is submitted to pathology. Which method is next done on the node if the surgeon wants to know within minutes if there is metastasis? (A) fine needle aspiration (B) frozen section (C) immunohistochemistry (D) flow cytometry
frozen section
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed, p 220
105
A 25 year old male with an intranasal mass undergoes a tissue biopsy that shows malignant round cells. The pathologist needs to know if it is an undifferentiated carcinoma or a lymphoma. What can be done to differentiate? (A) Frozen section (B) Immunohistochemistry (C) Flow cytometry (D) serologic tumor markers
Immunohistochemistry
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed pp220-221
106
A 12 year old female presents with pallor and gum bleeding. A complete blood count with peripheral smear shows numerous blasts. What is needed to be done on her bone marrow for a more precise diagnosis? (A) frozen section (B) papanicolau smear (C) aspiration and flow cytometry (D) serologic tumor markers
aspiration and flow cytometry
Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p 221
107
Interleukin for fever and endorphins
IL-1
108
Interleukin for neutrophil attraction
IL-8
109
Interleukin for lymphocyte proliferation
IL-2
110
Interleukin for Ig production
IL-2
111
Interleukin for acute phase reaction
IL-6
112
Cytokine for macrophage activation
Interferon gamma
113
Interleukin for fever and endorphins
IL-1
114
Interleukin for neutrophil attraction
IL-8
115
Interleukin for lymphocyte proliferation
IL-2
116
Interleukin for Ig production
IL-2
117
Interleukin for acute phase reaction
IL-6
118
Cytokine for macrophage activation
Interferon gamma
119
Interleukin for fever and endorphins
IL-1
119
Interleukin for neutrophil attraction
IL-8
120
Interleukin for lymphocyte proliferation
IL-2
121
Interleukin for Ig production
IL-2
122
Interleukin for acute phase reaction
IL-6
123
Cytokine for macrophage activation
Interferon gamma
