Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease Flashcards
Specialized tye of “grinder” that selectively chews up denatured proteins, releasing peptides
Proteasomes
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6
It synthesizes new proteins for the plasma membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6
Abundant in liver and gonads where it is used for steroid hormone and lipoprotein synthesis, and modification of hydrophobic compounds into water-soluble molecules
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6
Intracellular organelles that contain degradative enzymes that permit digestion of macromolecules
Lysosomes
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6
Cell organelle that break down fatty acids, generating hydrogen peroxide in the process
Peroxisomes
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6
The ability of cells to adopt a particular shape, maintain polarity, organize relationship of intracellular organelles, and move about depends on this intracellular scaffolding of proteins
Cytoskeleton
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.10
It shuttles internalized material to the appropriate intracellular sites or direct newly synthesized materials to the cell surface or targeted organelle.
Endosomal vesicles
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6
Source of ATP and metabolic intermediates needed for anabolic metabolism, site of heme synthesis, and contain important sensors of cell damage that can initiate and regulate the process of programmed cell death.
Mitochondria
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6
Type of Diffusion: Water and carbon dioxide diffuse across the cell lipid bilayers through what process
Passive membrane diffusion
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9
The process by which large molecules are exported from cells.
Exocytosis
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9
The movement of endocytosed vesicles between the apical and basolateral compartments of cells for transferring large amount of protein across epithelial barrier and rapid movement of large volumes of solute.
Transcytosis
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9
Non-coated plasma membrane invagination (“little caves”) associated with cAMP, GPI-linked molecules, SRC-family kinases, and folate receptor.
Caveolae
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9
A fluid-phase process during which the plasma membrane invaginates and is pinched off to form a cytoplasmic vesicle.
Pinocytosis
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9
Major uptake mechanism for macromolecules such as transferrin and LDL, which bind to receptors localized in clathrin coated pits.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.20
Most abundant cytosolic protein in cells.
Actin
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11
They serve as connecting cables for “molecular motor” proteins that use ATP to move vesicles, organelles, or other molecules.
Microtubules
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11
Cell junction that seal adjacent cells together to create a continuous barrier that restrics paracellular movement of ions and other molecules.
Occluding junctions (tight junctions)
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11
Cell junctions that mechanically attach cells and their intracellular cytoskeletons to other cells or to extracellular matrix.
Anchoring junctions (desmosomes) (tight junctions)
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11
Junctions that mediate the passage of chemical or electrical signals from one cell to another.
Communicating junctions (gap junctions)
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 12
Cell organelle that consists of stacked cisternae that progressively modify protein
Golgi apparatus
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 12
Cell-cell signaling pathway: cells in immediate vicinity are affected.
Paracrine signaling
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16
Cell-cell signaling pathway: molecules secreted by a cell affect that same cell.
Autocrine signaling
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16
Cell-cell signaling pathway: activated neurons secrete neurotransmitters at specialized cell junctions onto target cells.
Synaptic signaling
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16
Cell-cell signaling pathway: A mediator is released into the bloodstream and acts on target cells at a distance.
Endocrine signaling
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16
Vitamin D and steroid hormones are cell-permeable ligands for this type of receptor.
Intracellular receptors
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16
Its major role is to stimulate the activity of genes required for cell growth and cell division.
Growth factors
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 18
Growth factor: Stimulate keratinocyte migration and formation of granulation tissue
Epidermal growth factor
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19
Growth factor: stimulate proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells.
Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-a)
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19
Growth factor: enhances proliferation of hepatocytes and increases cell motility
Hepatocyte growth factor
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19
Growth factor: stimulates proliferation of endothelial cells and increases vascular permeability
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19
Growth factor: chemotactic for neutrophils, fibroblasts, and smooth muscles, and activates proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (VEGF)
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19
Growth factor: chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts and stimulates angiogenesis and ECM protein synthesis
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) (VEGF)
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19
Component of ECM responsible for the ability of tissues to recoil and recover their shape after physical deformation.
Elastin
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 23
Component of ECM that confer resistance to compressive forces, also provide lubrication between bony surfaces.
Proteoglycan
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 23
The most abundant glycoprotein in basement membrane.
Laminin
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 24
A major component of the interstitial ECM.
Fibronectin
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 24
A large family of transmembrane glycoproteins that allow cells to attach to ECM constituents, linking the intracellular cytoskeleton with the outside world.
Integrins
Robbins Basic Pathology 9th ed. p. 24
Sequence of events in cell cycle
G1/Presynthetic growth-S/DNA synthesis-G2/Premitotic growth- M/mitotic phase
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p.25
Two important properties of stem cells
Self-renewal and assymetric division
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 26
Most undifferentiated stem cells which are totipotent, and can be induced to form specialized cells of all three germ cell layers.
Embryonic stem cells
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 27
Variety of stem cell with limited repertoire of differentiated cells that they can generate.
Tissue stem cells
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 27
Complement system: Responsible for opsonozation
C3a
Microtubule for Anterograde movement
Kinesin
Microtubule for neuron elongation
Dynamin
Microtubule for Retrograde movement
Dynein
Microfilament size and example
