Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease

Question 1

Specialized tye of “grinder” that selectively chews up denatured proteins, releasing peptides

Answer 1

Proteasomes

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 2

It synthesizes new proteins for the plasma membrane

Answer 2

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 3

Abundant in liver and gonads where it is used for steroid hormone and lipoprotein synthesis, and modification of hydrophobic compounds into water-soluble molecules

Answer 3

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 4

Intracellular organelles that contain degradative enzymes that permit digestion of macromolecules

Answer 4

Lysosomes

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 5

Cell organelle that break down fatty acids, generating hydrogen peroxide in the process

Answer 5

Peroxisomes

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 6

The ability of cells to adopt a particular shape, maintain polarity, organize relationship of intracellular organelles, and move about depends on this intracellular scaffolding of proteins

Answer 6

Cytoskeleton

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.10

Question 7

It shuttles internalized material to the appropriate intracellular sites or direct newly synthesized materials to the cell surface or targeted organelle.

Answer 7

Endosomal vesicles

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 8

Source of ATP and metabolic intermediates needed for anabolic metabolism, site of heme synthesis, and contain important sensors of cell damage that can initiate and regulate the process of programmed cell death.

Answer 8

Mitochondria

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

Question 9

Type of Diffusion: Water and carbon dioxide diffuse across the cell lipid bilayers through what process

Answer 9

Passive membrane diffusion

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Question 10

The process by which large molecules are exported from cells.

Answer 10

Exocytosis

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Question 11

The movement of endocytosed vesicles between the apical and basolateral compartments of cells for transferring large amount of protein across epithelial barrier and rapid movement of large volumes of solute.

Answer 11

Transcytosis

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Question 12

Non-coated plasma membrane invagination (“little caves”) associated with cAMP, GPI-linked molecules, SRC-family kinases, and folate receptor.

Answer 12

Caveolae

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Question 13

A fluid-phase process during which the plasma membrane invaginates and is pinched off to form a cytoplasmic vesicle.

Answer 13

Pinocytosis

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

Question 14

Major uptake mechanism for macromolecules such as transferrin and LDL, which bind to receptors localized in clathrin coated pits.

Answer 14

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.20

Question 15

Most abundant cytosolic protein in cells.

Answer 15

Actin

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

Question 16

They serve as connecting cables for “molecular motor” proteins that use ATP to move vesicles, organelles, or other molecules.

Answer 16

Microtubules

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

Question 17

Cell junction that seal adjacent cells together to create a continuous barrier that restrics paracellular movement of ions and other molecules.

Answer 17

Occluding junctions (tight junctions)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

Question 18

Cell junctions that mechanically attach cells and their intracellular cytoskeletons to other cells or to extracellular matrix.

Answer 18

Anchoring junctions (desmosomes) (tight junctions)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

Question 19

Junctions that mediate the passage of chemical or electrical signals from one cell to another.

Answer 19

Communicating junctions (gap junctions)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 12

Question 20

Cell organelle that consists of stacked cisternae that progressively modify protein

Answer 20

Golgi apparatus

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 12

Question 21

Cell-cell signaling pathway: cells in immediate vicinity are affected.

Answer 21

Paracrine signaling

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Question 22

Cell-cell signaling pathway: molecules secreted by a cell affect that same cell.

Answer 22

Autocrine signaling

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Question 23

Cell-cell signaling pathway: activated neurons secrete neurotransmitters at specialized cell junctions onto target cells.

Answer 23

Synaptic signaling

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Question 24

Cell-cell signaling pathway: A mediator is released into the bloodstream and acts on target cells at a distance.

Answer 24

Endocrine signaling

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Question 25

Vitamin D and steroid hormones are cell-permeable ligands for this type of receptor.

Answer 25

Intracellular receptors

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

Question 26

Its major role is to stimulate the activity of genes required for cell growth and cell division.

Answer 26

Growth factors

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 18

Question 27

Growth factor: Stimulate keratinocyte migration and formation of granulation tissue

Answer 27

Epidermal growth factor

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Question 28

Growth factor: stimulate proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells.

Answer 28

Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-a)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Question 29

Growth factor: enhances proliferation of hepatocytes and increases cell motility

Answer 29

Hepatocyte growth factor

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Question 30

Growth factor: stimulates proliferation of endothelial cells and increases vascular permeability

Answer 30

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Question 31

Growth factor: chemotactic for neutrophils, fibroblasts, and smooth muscles, and activates proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells.

Answer 31

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (VEGF)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Question 32

Growth factor: chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts and stimulates angiogenesis and ECM protein synthesis

Answer 32

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) (VEGF)

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

Question 33

Component of ECM responsible for the ability of tissues to recoil and recover their shape after physical deformation.

Answer 33

Elastin

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 23

Question 34

Component of ECM that confer resistance to compressive forces, also provide lubrication between bony surfaces.

Answer 34

Proteoglycan

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 23

Question 35

The most abundant glycoprotein in basement membrane.

Answer 35

Laminin

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 24

Question 36

A major component of the interstitial ECM.

Answer 36

Fibronectin

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 24

Question 37

A large family of transmembrane glycoproteins that allow cells to attach to ECM constituents, linking the intracellular cytoskeleton with the outside world.

Answer 37

Integrins

Robbins Basic Pathology 9th ed. p. 24

Question 38

Sequence of events in cell cycle

Answer 38

G1/Presynthetic growth-S/DNA synthesis-G2/Premitotic growth- M/mitotic phase

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p.25

Question 39

Two important properties of stem cells

Answer 39

Self-renewal and assymetric division

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 26

Question 40

Most undifferentiated stem cells which are totipotent, and can be induced to form specialized cells of all three germ cell layers.

Answer 40

Embryonic stem cells

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 27

Question 41

Variety of stem cell with limited repertoire of differentiated cells that they can generate.

Answer 41

Tissue stem cells

Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 27

Question 42

Complement system: Responsible for opsonozation

Answer 42

C3a

Question 43

Microtubule for Anterograde movement

Answer 43

Kinesin

Question 44

Microtubule for neuron elongation

Answer 44

Dynamin

Question 45

Microtubule for Retrograde movement

Answer 45

Dynein

Question 46

Microfilament size and example