Vet Surg 2021

Question 1

Zetterstrom et al Vet Surg 2021
“US guided tenotomy, fibrotic myopathy”

Answer 1

-Tenotomy was completed in all limbs of semitendinosis
-Palpable gap was appreciated between tendon edges
complications: 2 horses had iatrogenic damage to gracilis muscle and 1 to gracilis fascia.

Question 2

Weatherall et al Vet Surgery 2021
“bursting strength, celiotomy, abdominal bandage”

Answer 2

Elastic vs. Velcro Inelastic vs. No Bandage
-Maximum bursting pressure was different between elastic and no bandage, but there was no difference between elastic and inelastic or inelastic and no bandage.
-Elastic had overall higher abdominal bursting pressure compared to no bandage.
-inelastic had higher sub bandage pressure compared with group elastic.
-Location of failure differed between groups with failure at diaphragm more common in group inelastic compared with elastic and no bandage.

Question 3

Mankin, K et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“surgical checklist”

Answer 3

-No difference in surgical site infection, morbidity, or death within 30 days was detected on multi- variable logistic regression analysis. The checklist prevented one wrong-site surgery.
-Safety measures were more frequently completed post-SC, including oral confirmation of patient identity [40%] vs. [100%]) and oral confirmation of surgical site [48%] vs. [100%]).
-In addition, duration of anesthesia decreased from 241 to 232 min
-a greater proportion of animals that were intended to receive antibiotics did so prior to incision [86.8%] vs. [89.8%] .
- fewer dogs had unplanned return to the OR (32/1065 [3.0%], vs. 21/1472 [1.4%]) (χ2 = 7.52, p = .006).

Question 4

Stewart, H. Vet Surg 2021
“Chlorhexidine, URT”

Answer 4

-In vivo—eight healthy horses were topically treated twice with 30 ml of 0.0005% CHD-EDTA-Tris. Mucosal samples from each location were evaluated for the presence of inflammation or pathologic lesions.
-Solutions containing CHD were superior in fungal and bacterial killing to those without. –In vitro—a 0.005% CHD-EDTA-Tris was 100% effective against all bacterial and fungal species evaluated, while a 0.0005% CHD- EDTA-Tris was less efficacious against A. fumigatus and S. equi ssp. equi.
-In vivo—a 0.0005% CHD-EDTA-Tris did not cause any clinical, gross, or histologic abnormalities when topically applied to the equine URT.

Question 5

Somm et al
Vet Surg 2021
“LCP scapula, small equids”

Answer 5

-16 scapulohumeral arthrodesis procedures performed. Follow up 2.5 years.
-Sixteen SHAs were performed in 15 equids (body weight 65–145 kg) by nine different surgeons. A narrow 4.5/5.0 mm LCP (7–16 holes) was used in 14 of the 16 SHAs.
-Major complications: 4 of the 13 horses alive long term, consisting of implant failure(n = 1), surgical site infection (n = 2), and scapular fracture (n = 1).
-The outcome was graded as excellent in 4, good in 5, and moderate in 4 horses.
-Two ponies were euthanized because scapulohumeral osteoarthritis and subluxa- tion developed in the contralateral limb.

Question 6

Roessner et al
Vet Surg 2021
“utrecht, jejunojejunostomy”

Answer 6

-One-layer closure was faster (716 ± 86 s) than two-layer closures (1136 ± 111 s). Postoperative complications were minimal.
-No difference was detected in lumen size between groups. The lumen was reduced by 18% after one-layer and 15% after two-layer closures (p = .34).
-Histopathological scores for inflammation, infection, and healing did not differ between groups.

Question 7

Jimenez et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“3D printed guides, navicular screws”

Answer 7

-The use of a 3D-printed guide reduced the duration of surgery by 6.6 min (±1.5 min) compared to traditional screw placement (20.7 min ± 4.8 min, p < .01).
-Fewer peri-operative fluoroscopic images were obtained when the 3D guide was used (18 images ± 2.6 images vs. 40 images ± 5.1, p < .01).
-No difference was detected in navicular screw placement.

Question 8

Perez et al Vet Surg 2021
“sphenopalantine bone, trans nasal endoscopic guided CO2 laser”

Answer 8

-Endoscopically guided fenestration of the rostral palatine bone within the nasopharynx using CO2 laser in the standing horse provided good access and visualization of the palatine portion of the SPS.
-The CO2 laser successfully ablated the mucosa and palatine bone to enable endoscopic access to the palatine portion of the SPS.
-The endoscopic procedure was performed as a two-step process via standing sedation due to mucosal bleeding obscuring visualization.
-Access to the SPS through fenestration allowed biopsy under direct endoscopic visualization

Question 9

Nottle et al
Vet Surg 2021
“fibre-osseous lesions, facial”

Answer 9

-Twelve of 30 lesions were diagnosed in horses <1 year old, and 20 of 30 lesions orig- inated from the rostral mandible. The most common treatment was ros- tral mandibulectomy.
-Incomplete excision was confirmed in eight horses (four ossify- ing fibromas, three osteomas, and one fibrous dysplasia
-Recurrence occurred in one horse, while six horses had long-term resolution of clinical signs. Progno- sis for survival and return to use was excellent in 23 horses with long- term follow-up.
-Radiographs were performed for 25 of 30 (83%) horses.
-CT performed in 5 horses

Question 10

Noll et al
Vet Surg 2021
“kerlix and incisional infection”

Answer 10

The 0.2% PMHB-impregnated gauze inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus spp. (n = 4) by 33%–83.1% and that of Escherichia coli spp. (n = 4) by 6.5%–37%.
-There was no inhibition of growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or either Enterococcus spp.

Question 11

McOnie, R.
Vet Surg 2021
“uterine neoplasia, pigs”

Answer 11

-Production pigs: uterine leiomyoma (4/11), leiomyosarcoma (2/11), adenoma (1/11), adenocarcinoma (3/11), and carcinosarcoma (1/11) with no difference in tumor types between PrdP and PBP (pot belly pigs).
-PrdP surviving to hospital discharge (6/13) survived at least 1 year postoperatively, with median follow-up of 16 months (14-60 months).
-PrdP were less likely than PBP to survive in the short-term despite similar frequencies of marked intraoperative hemorrhage.
-PrdP and PBP had comparable rates of long-term survival following hospital discharge.
-Persistent vaginal discharge was the only postoperative complication noted (1/5) and was self-limiting with no intervention.
-PrdP that survived to discharge also survived 1 year postopera- tively (6/13).

Question 12

Labens et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“incomplete parasagittal fractures in P1 of horses”

Answer 12

-Standing repair simulation-associated fracture gaps were not wider than in R-1
-More of P1 width was approachable palmar to extensor branches when limbs were loaded (0.804 ± 0.314 cm) vs unloaded (0.651 ± 0.31 cm

Question 13

Hurcombe et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“omentectomy cable ties”

Answer 13

-ligation provided sufficient hemostasis to complete the omentectomy (28 ± 15 s), without rescue ligation.
-No gross evidence of intra- abdominal adhesion or morbidity was associated with the omentectomy site 14 days after surgery. -NCT were intact at the site of application, covered with smooth fibrous connective tissue.

Question 14

Grzewkowiak et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“hydroxyapatite, metacarpus defect mares”

Answer 14

-On the basis of radiographic analysis, scaffold-treated defects had greater filling (67.42% ± 26.7%) compared with untreated defects (35.88% ± 32.7%; P = .006).
-After 60 days, CT revealed that the density of the defects treated with the scaffolds (807.80 ± 129.6 Hounsfield units [HU]) was greater than density of the untreated defects (464.80 ± 81.3 HU; P = .004).
-histology slides provided evidence of bone formation within an average of 9.43% ± 3.7% of the cross-sectional area of scaffolds in contrast to unfilled

Question 15

Gray et al
Vet Surg 2021
“airflow mechanics, modified toggle”
*McCoy on paper-committee member

Answer 15

-The mean CSA of the rima glottidis of the modified toggle LP constructs was 15.2 ± 2.6 cm2 before and 14.7 ± 2.6 cm2 after cyclic loading, and the mean CSA of the rima glottidis of the standard LP constructs was 16.4 ± 2.9 cm2 before and 15.7 ± 2.8 cm2 after cyclic loading. Toggle had overall smaller rima glottidis CSA.
-The modified toggle LP constructs had similar peak translaryngeal impedance before and after cyclic loading (p = .13); -
-the standard LP constructs had higher peak translaryngeal impedance after cyclic loading (p = .02).

Question 16

Genton et al.
Vet Surgery 2021
“balloon catheter, standing, GP artery approaches”

Answer 16

-Internal carotid artery occlusion was successful in seven of eight and seven of nine arteries in phases 1 and 2, respectively. The procedures lasted 53 and 50 minutes, respectively, and catheters were inserted over 13 ± 0.7 cm (mean ± SD).
-External carotid artery occlusion was successful in seven of seven and four of four arteries in phases 1 and 2, respectively, with mean dura- tions of 31 and 26 minutes, respectively, and a mean distance of catheter inser- tion of 11.9 cm.
-Maxillary artery occlusion was successful in five of seven arteries (phase 1), with a mean surgical duration of 47 minutes and a mean distance of catheter insertion of 42.8 cm.

Question 17

Cooper et al
Vet Surg 2021
“cellulitis, septic tendon sheath”

Answer 17

-All infections occurred in hindlimbs, with septic suspensory ligament in six of eight horses, and septic superficial digital flexor tendon in one of eight horses. Surgical debridement was performed in six of eight horses. All horses were treated with systemic and regional intravenous antimicrobials and were discharged from the hospital.
-follow-up was available in seven of eight horses. Of these, four horses returned to their intended athletic function, two horses returned to their intended function as a broodmare or pasture pet, and one horse is still rehabilitating.

Question 18

Collar et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“lap ovariectomies”

Answer 18

-Bilateral ovariectomy was performed in 51 cases, with elective (no pathologic ovaries) ovariectomies performed in 41/51 cases.
-estrus-like behavior was observed postoperatively in 14/51 (27%) mares, but the behavior was mild and manageable in all cases. There was no age effect on outcome in all bilateral (p = .56) or elective only (p = .36) cases. In 37/41 (90%) elective cases, improvement was observed in the reason for presentation.
-Some response to altrenogest administration for behavior modification was observed preoperatively in 12/18 (67%) elective cases.
-Response to altrenogest was not associated with (p = .31) or able to predict a beneficial response to surgery (OR = 5.5; 95% CI = 0.38–78.57; p = .21).

Question 19

Boorman et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“OC and longevity of racing, trotters and pacers”

Answer 19

-Trotters were more likely than pacers to be affected by OC
-OC affected horses has fewer starts, fewer wins, and fewer 1st-3rd place finishes
-Osteochondrosis had no impact on short-term racing performance. Horses with lesions at the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia or lateral trochlear ridge of the talus had decreased performance compared with horses without these lesions.
-In other words, pacers less likely to be affected by OC

Question 20

Bauck et al.
Vet Surgery 2021
“J incision”

Answer 20

-Three horses with gastric impactions were treated with gastrotomies via J incision extending along costrochondral arch
-This incision extended for approximately 10 to 20 cm through the rectus sheaths and rectus abdominis muscle to form the paracostal com- ponent of a J-incision on the side where improved access was required (eg, left side for stomach). Bleeding vessels encountered were most likely branches of the cranial superficial epigastric artery
-Infection did not develop in the paracostal extension of the J-incision in any horse in this report or in another single-case study,2 although all horses developed some degree of incisional infection in the ventral midline incision.

Question 21

Arndt et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“peritonitis retrospective”

Answer 21

-colic was most common presenting complaint in 50% of cases
-The most com- mon cause of peritonitis was infectious agents (31/72), followed by trauma (8/72), gastrointestinal thickening (3/72), and eosinophilic peritonitis (2/72).
-Idiopathic peritonitis was identified in 28 (28/72 [39%]) cases.
-83% of horses survived to discharge
-88% alive after discharge

Question 22

Anderson et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“hand scrub, gel nail polish”

Answer 22

-Gel nail polish (1 = gel nail polish, 0 = no gel polish) was not significantly associated with the reduction of viable bacterial count (p = .09).
-There was a significant interaction between handedness and time (p < .01).
-On Day 14, left-handed participants had a greater reduction in viable bacterial count after the surgical scrub compared with right-handed participants (p < .05, Figure 1).
-In addition, left-handed participants had greater reduction in viable bacterial count on Day 14 compared to Day 1 (p < .05, Figure 1). -There was a significant interaction between nail length and reduction in viable bacterial count increased (p < .01, Table 2).
-Increasing nail length was correlated with increased CFU/ml post- scrubbing (p < .001).

Question 23

Verkade et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“linea alba thickness”

Answer 23

-There was wide variation in LA width and thickness between standing horses, with gradual increase from xiphoid (range, 0.14-0.64 cm) to umbilicus (range, 0.2-2.97 cm).
-Linea alba length in standing position was 51.09 ± 6.219 cm. Width was independent of the size of the horse.
-Different LA shapes could be identified. In dorsal recumbency, the LA was smaller in width at all reference points (15%–23%, P < .05) and shorter (20%, P < .001) compared with standing.

Question 24

Tatarniuk et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“plantar neurectomy and fasciotomy”

Answer 24

-21 horses
-variety of western disciplines, mostly pleasure
-A median duration of 8 months was required before horses were able to resume training or athletic work.
-Nine horses were able to return to a similar or higher level of athletic use, nine horses returned to a lower level of athletic performance, and three horses could not return to intended function.

Question 25

Schramm, et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“rumen cannulation sheep”

Answer 25

-Group 1: 1 step procedure
-Group 2: 2 step procedure
-Cannulation method did not affect (P > .05) body weight, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, fibrinogen level, or cumulative cortisol level. Feed intake was lower (0.82 vs 1.2 kg/d; P < .0001), and mean cortisol level was greater (124.2 vs 121.5 ng/mL; P = .038) in group 2 compared with group 1.

Extra info:
Group 1 wethers underwent a one-step procedure to place a can- nula immediately after fistulation of the rumen to the skin.

Group 2 wethers underwent a two-step procedure in which a portion of the rumen was external- ized and held with a clamp for 9 days, after which the cannula was placed into the fistula created by removal of the clamped rumen tissue.

Question 26

Pisano et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“laryngoplasty vagal branches”

Answer 26

-The branches of the pharyngeal plexus (PP) supplying the cricopharyngeal muscle (PPcr), the thyropharyngeal muscle (PPth), and the esophagus (PPes) were identified in the surgical field in nine of nine, five of nine, and one of nine specimens, respectively.
-internal branch of the cra- nial laryngeal nerve (ibCLN) was identified within the carotid sheath in six of nine specimens.
-The external branch of the cranial laryngeal nerve (ebCLN) was identified close to the septum of the caudal constrictors in nine of nine specimens.
-blade of the tissue retractor compressed the ibCLN in six of six, the ebCLN in four of six, the PPcr in six of six, the PPth in two of three, and the PPes in two of two specimens in which the respective nerves were identified after fur- ther dissection.

Question 27

Lopez et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“incisional complications with cyanoacrylate or staples”

Answer 27

Occurrence of incisional complications did not differ between NBC and SS.

Packed cell volume was a risk factor for in-hospital incisional complications (P = .04), and in-hospital incisional complications were associated with posthospital discharge incisional complications (P = .01).

Question 28

Lozier et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“pig c section dystocia”

Answer 28

-110 pigs in study
-Complications were recorded in 20 of 52 (38.46%) cases and included incisional seroma formation, lethargy, and anorexia. Twenty-three dams became pregnant and farrowed after the cesarean section, with no reported complication in 13 of these.

Question 29

Hermida et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“mastectomy in small ruminants”

Answer 29

-Procedures consisted of six unilateral (with an elliptical incision) and 19 total (with inverted cloverleaf or elliptical skin incisions) mastectomies.
-Intraoperative complications included contamination of the surgical site with mammary-gland fluid, hemorrhage, and difficulty dissecting skin from the mammary gland.
-Postoperative complications included seroma formation (7/25), surgical-site infection (5/25), and dehiscence of the skin incision (3/25).
-Mammary neoplasia was diagnosed in seven of 15 animals with histopathologic examination.

Question 30

Haig et al.
Vet Surg 2021
“caudal paramedian approach to crypts”

Answer 30

-To describe a caudal paramedian approach to cryptorchidectomy in small ruminants.
-Cryptorchidism was bilateral in 27.6% (8/29) of cases and unilat- eral in 72.4% (21/29). Among unilateral cases, 85.7% (18/21) were right sided and 14.3% (3/21) were left sided.
-For all 29 procedures, the only operative complication reported (operative complication rate, 3.3% [95% CI: 0.1%–17.2%]) was an inability to exteriorize a retained testis due to adherence of the testicle to the dorsal body wall in case No. 23, the oldest (4 years) and largest (82 kg) animal.
-Two animals experienced minor postoperative complications, one with prolapsed fat through the scrotal incision (case No. 16) and one with an incisional infection (case No. 24) that resolved with skin suture removal and conservative wound management

Question 31

Genton et al.
Vet Surgery 2021
“thyrohyoideus innervation”

Answer 31

The nerve innervating the TH muscle arose directly from the C1 nerve in 17 of 20 dissections, from an anastomotic branch between CN XII and the C1 nerve in two of 20 dissections, and from the C1 nerve and the anastomotic branch in one of 20 dissections. -No direct connection between the TH muscle and CN XII was found.