Vet Prep export pharm Flashcards
What is a drug?
any substance that can affect a biological system
what are the different sources of drugs
natural semisynthetic synthetic
what are active ingredients in plants
alkaloids
glycosides
resins
gums
tannins
fixed oils
volatile oils (ethereal)
alkaloids
(active ingredient in plants) basic nitrogenous substances that are insoluable in water and end with -ine
*their salts are soluable in water
*have a bitter taste
*can be precipitated by acids
ex: atropine, morphine, scopolamine, yohimbine
Glycosides
(active ingredient in plants)
Mostly toxic (derived from fox glove; Digitalis glycosides)
*Inert Sugars combined with other organic structures (hydrolysis releases the sugar–aglycone or genin)
EX: digitoxin, digoxin, ouabain
Resins
(active ingredient in plants) substances formed by polymerization of volatile oils (volatile oils = evaporative (fragrant) oils
Gums
(active ingredient in plants)
polysaccharides secreted by certain trees
ex: gum acacia from acacia, gum tragacanth from Astragalus
tannins
(active ingredient in plants) polyphenols that produce astringent effect (precipitate proteins)
what “dries the mouth” in red wines
fixed oils
(active ingredient in plants)
oils that do not evaporate when exposed to air
EX: cottonseed oil, castor oil, linseed oil
volatile oils
(active ingredient in plants)
evaporate readily when exposed to air
EX: peppermint oil, turpentine oil, oil of clove
Sources of drugs from animals
blood, plasma, hormones, toxins
Sources of drugs from Fungi
antibiotics e.g. penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines, polymyxins
Sources of drugs from bacteria
antibiotics (e.g. bacitracin)
what are examples of natural sources of drugs
mineral (non-living) animal (hormones) plant bacteria (bactracin) fungi (antibiotics)
define semisynthetic drug
from natural sources and chemically treated
ex: amoxicillin, apomorphine, ampicillin
define synthetic drug
highly purified substances prepared synthetically (eg manufactured entirely in the lab)
ex: sulfonamides (antibacterial), furosemide (diuretic) fentanyl, acepromazine
4 classifications of physical states of drugs
solid (powder, pill, bolus, pessary, suppository) liquid (mixture, tincture, spirit, suspension, elixir, etc) semisolid (ointment, cream, paste, electuary) gases or vapors (aerosol, spray, mist)
Powder
solid, mixture of drugs packaged in packets or sachets??
Tablet
solid,active drug combined with a binder and excipient, compressed into a tablet by machine ENTERIC COATED TABLET - irritant tablets coated with substance that is insoluble in acid but will dissolve in the alkaline small intestine)
pill
solid, mixture of drugs and a sticky binder ovoid or spherical glazed sugar coating
capsule
container made of mix of gelatin and glycerin suitable for drugs in powdered form or certain liquid drugs
bolus
solid *large, cylindrical in shapeused for horses and cattle (another type of bolus is a large amount of liquid given by IV injection in one dose)
mixture
liquid aqueous solution/suspension for oral administration aromatic water (aqueous solution + volatile oil) added to prevent bacteria/mold contamination
pessary
solid conical solid preparation for intravaginal use in humans
suppository
solid conical solid preparation given intrarectally for systemic effect in humans.melts and releases active ingredients after introduction to the body
paste
semisolid preparation for external use (skin) or internal use
electuary
semisolid preparation applied to the back of the tongue for systemic effect
tincture
alcoholic liquid preparation nonvolatile substance (for external or internal use)
spirit
alcoholic liquid preparation volatile substance
suspension
liquid aqueous suspension of solids and a dispersing agent (gum tragacanth or methylcellulose) to delay settling.
Syrup
liquid solution of medicinal agents, flavoring and coloring agents in 85% sucrose solution (more than 50% sucrose)
elixir
liquid hydroalcoholic solution of medicinal agentssweetened and flavored(better keeping quality than micture b/c of high alcohol content)
emulsion
liquid oily substance in aqueous medium with emulsifying (or dispersing) agent like gum acacia, lecithin, or methylcellulose
Extract
liquid from passing solvent over dried plant material and evaporating the solvent or placing crude material into solvent until active substances extracted (maceration).cold/warm water = infusion boiling water = decoction
injections
liquid? sterile solutions/suspensions in aqueous (sometimes oil) vehicle heat sterilized or filtered through millipore filters may be package aseptically in vials and reconstituted with sterile water immediately before use
decoction
extract performed in boiling water
infusion
extract performed in cold or warm water
repository forms
slow release forms prolong the effective drug concentration in the body by providing sustained release in the dosage form
liniment
external dosage form liquid or semisolidapplied to the skin with friction (rubbing) contains counterirritants used in chronic inflammation of muscles and tendons
lotion
external dosage formsolution or suspension soothing substances applied to skin to relieve pain in acute inflammation
ointment
external dosage form semisolid, greasy preparation drug is dissolved or dispensed in a suitable base
cream
external dosage form incorporates drug in water-oil emulsion; water evaporates and leaves the drug and a thin film of oil on the skin
Dusting Powder
external dosage form mixture of drugs in powder form use talc or starch as adsorbents
aeorsol
gas/vapor drug incorporated in a solvent and packaged under pressure with a propellant such as flurorinated hydrocarbon or nitrogen
vehicles
solvents or carriers can be solid can be used in oral, injections and semisolid
examples of oral vehicles
waters (peppermint water) syrup, elixir
examples of injection vehicles
sterile water, sterile saline, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysorbate 80
examples of semisolid vehicles
parrafin oil and wax, bee wax, vaseline
what factors affect selection of the route of administration of a drug
therapeutic factors
drug factors
therapeutic factors affecting route selection
onset and duration of action site of action adverse reactions
drug factors affecting route selection
irritation solubility availability of drug in different forms pH
two routes of administration
local systemic
disadvantages of IV
1) dangerous (overdosing possible) 2) difficult to administer depending on species/behavior/dehydration 3) may be costly/laborous 4) risk of infection (must be aseptic)
advantages of IM
1) rapid absorption 2) duration of action is longer than IV 3) suspensions can be injected
disadvantages of IM
Irritant, hypertonic, acidic or basic drugs may cause tissue damage
advantages of subcutaneous
1) Slow, constant absorption 2) longer duration of action than——
disadvantages of subcutaneous
1) slow onset 2) irritating drugs can not be used
What is the only appropriate way to give an irritating drug
IV
Define a prescription
an order to a pharmacist written by a licensed medical practitioner to prepare the prescribed medication, affix the directions and sell the preparation to the client it is a legally recognized document–writer is responsible for its accuracy should be written in ink and carbon copy kept on file
Rx
abbrev of the latin word “recipe” which means to take
inscription
names & amounts of drugs to be incorporated includes the basis, vehicle, adjuvant and corrective
basis
primary drug in prescription, base for medication
vehicle
vehicle for the drug
adjuvant
another drug
corrective
ex: potassium iodide
subscription
instructions to pharmacist on how to make preparation, may have english or latin abbreviations
signa
instructions to owner on how to use medication
Three categories of drugs products
OTC Prescription Controlled
OTC
over the counter do not need a prescription
Prescription drugs
1) regulated by the FDA 2) FDA - CVM ensures that animal drugs are not harmful to animals 3) vaccines regulated by the USDA 4) veterinarian/client/patient relationship must exist before a prescription drug is prescribed
Controlled substances
1) regulated by the DEA 1a) regulates the purchase, storage and use of controlled substances 2) divided into five classes based on potential of abuse or misuse by people, low classes have a higher potential of abuse
Class I (C-I)
highest abuse potential severe liability no therapeutic agents (in the US) ex: Heroin and LSD
Class II (C-II)
High abuse potential (less than C-II) severe liability ex: Morphine, Codeine and amphetamine
Class III (C-III)
Abuse potential less than C-I and C-II moderate liability ex: anabolic steroids
Class IV (C-IV)
Abuse potential less than C-I, C-II and C-III moderate liability ex: butorphanol & diazepam
Class V (C-V)
least abuse potential limited liability ex: buprenorphine, dipenoxylate w/ atropine
Prescription requirements for Class/Schedule II
Full name & address of both vet & owner identity of patient practitioner permit number must be typewritten or written in ink (cannot be phoned in) no refills limited to 34 day supply for each prescription
Prescription requirements for III, IV and V
may be prescribed orally or in writing may be refilled, but no more than 5 times within 6 months some schedule V drugs may be sold over the counter
requirements on label for II, III and IV drugs
Caution: Federal law prohibits the transfer of this drug to any person other than the client and patient for whom it was prescribed
what is extra-label use and what allows veterinarians to use it?
using a drug for something it is not approved for (different species, humans, different dosage, different route of administration) but has been proven to be effective in treatment by studies or otherwise. Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act 1994 (AMDUCA) If you do this as a veterinarian you are taking full responsibility if something goes wrong, you must have documentation to back up your reasoning
FARAD
Food animal residues avoidance databank computer system that provides information including withdrawal times of all drugs approved for use in food-producing animals, official tolerances and pharmokinetic studies
Two types of drug names
nonproprietary (generic) – starts with a lowercase letter brand (trade) name – starts with a capital or uppercase letter
tab
tablet
cap
capsule
pulv
powder
sol
solution
susp
suspension
elix
elixir
tinct
tincture
gtt
drop
oint
ointment
IV
Intravenous
IVPB
intravenous piggyback
IM
Intramuscular
SC, SQ
subcutaneously
IP
intraperitoneal
IA
intra-arterial
PO
per os (oral)
PR
Per rectal
OS
(oculus sinister) left eye
OD
(oculus dexter) right eye
OU
(oculus uterque) each eye
AS
(auris sinistra) left ear
AD
(auris dextra) right ear
AU
(auris unitas) both ears
U.S.P
United States Pharmacopeia
q
(quaque) every
h
(hora) hour
d
(die) day
min
minute
s.i.d.
(semel in die) once daily
b.i.d.
(bis in die) twice daily
t.i.d.
(ter in die) thrice daily
q.i.d.
(quarter in die) four times daily
q.o.d.
(quaque latera die) every other day
p.r.n.
(pro re nata) as needed
od
(omne die) every day
qd
(quaque die) every day
q2d
every other day
q6h
(quaque 6 hora) every 6 hours
q8h
(quaque 8 hora) every 8 hours
q12h
(quaque 12 hora) every 12 hours
stat
immediately, at once
a.c.
(ante cibum) before meals
p.c.
(post cibum) after meals
ad. Lib.
(ad libitum) as desired, freely
a
(ante) before
p
(post) after
c
(cum) with
s
(sine) without
aq
(aqua) water
et
and
noct
night
Identification (5)
Drug Names Lot or control number NADA number manufacturer NDC
Directions (4)
Directions for Preparation of Solution Storage and Use information Label warnings USP
Prescription Information (4)
Strength Form Total Amount Expiration Date
3 Categories of Drug Label Features
Identification Directions Prescription Information
Controlled Substances
Drugs with abuse potential which are controlled by the law and classified into 5 classes
NDA
National Drug Code
NADA
New Animal Drug Application A single, unique NADA number assigned to the drug by the FDA
USP
United States Pharmacopeia It is a compendium of quality control tests for drugs and excipients to be introduced into a medicinal formulation which is published annually and includes methods for identification, assays and purity
NF
National Formulary
The two official national lists of approved drugs in the US
USP, NF
posology
the study of doses
dose
the amount of drug given to a specific patient to give a certain effect
dosage
the amount of drug per unit body weight (kg or lb) and is usually in mg/kg or mg/lb
3 Types of Doses
Therapeutic Toxic Lethal
Minimal Therapeutic Dose
the smallest amount of drug that has a therapeutic effect
Maximal Therapeutic Dose
the largest amount of drug that can be tolerated without producing toxic effects
Optimal Therapeutic Dose
dose that lies someplace between the minimal and maximal therapeutic doses
Effective Dose Fifty (ED 50)
the dose effective for half the population also known as the median effective dose
toxic dose
the dose on the toxic dose curve that is the amount of drug producing undesirable clinical, hematological, biochemical or pathological alterations
Lethal Dose Fifty (LD 50)
the dose that kills half the population
Median Lethal Dose (LDS or MLD)
LD50 The dose that causes death in 50% of the animals
Lethal Dose Zero (LD 0)
the highest toxic dose that doesn’t kill anyone
Lethal Dose One Hundred (LD 100)
The dose that kills everyone
2 methods of evaluating the relative safety of drugs
the therapeutic index the standard safety margin
TI
the therapeutic index also known as the therapeutic ration is the ratio between LD50 and ED50 LD50/ED50
SSM 100%
The standard safety margin expresses the percentage dose increase between ED99 and LD1. SSM 100%= {(LD1-ED99)/ED99 }* 100 orSSM 100% = ((LD1/ED99)-1) * 100
Standard Safety Margin
The SSM expresses the percentage dose increase between ED99 and LD1. The wider the margin between ED99 and LD1 for a drug, the safer the foot. More accurate than the therapeutic index.
Safety Factor
LD1/ED99
Therapeutic Index Interpretation
The larger the therapeutic index, the wider the margin of safety of a drug
main base unit of the metric system for weight
gram
main base unit of the metric system for volume
liter
kilo-
1000
deci-
1/10
centi-
1/100
milli-
1/1000
micro-
1/1,000,000
nano-
1/1,000,000,000
pico-
1/1,000,000,000,000
kg
kilogram
g
gram
mg
milligram
mcg
microgram
ng
nanogram
pg
picogram
L
liter
mL
milliliter
mcL
microliter
dL
deciliter
In the metric system, are decimals or fractions used?
decimals
In the metric system, does the unit come before or after the number?
after
which numbers are used in the metric system?
arabic numberals
How are fractions written in the metric system?
they are written as decimals with a zero before the decimal point for values less than 1.
gr.
grain
qt
quart
pt
pint
fl. oz
fluid ounce
oz
ounce
fl. dram
fluid dram
m
minim
qt i = pt ?
ii
qt i = fl. oz ?
32
pt i = fl. oz ?
16
fl. oz i = fl. dram ?
viii
fl. dram i= m ?
60
In the apothecary system, amounts are designated how?
in roman numerals for small amounts and in Arabic numbers for large amounts
In the apothecary system, does the abbreviation precede or follow the amount?
precede
In the apothecary system, are fractions or decimals used?
fractions
lb
pound
ounce
oz
1 lb = ? oz
16
gal
gallon
1 gal = ? qt
4
quart
qt
1 qt = ? pt
2
1 qt = ? cups
4
2 pt = ? cups
4
cup
cup
fl oz
fluid oz
2 T= ? oz
1
1 cup = ? oz
8
T
tablespoon
t
teaspoon
1 t = ? gtt
60
1T = ? t
3
gtt
drop
1 kg = ? lb
2.2 lb
2.2 lb = ? kg
1 kg
1 gal = ? L
4 L
4 L = ? gal
1
1 qt = ? L
1 L
1 L = ? qt
1 qt
1 qt = ? oz
32 oz
32 oz = ? qt
1 qt
32 oz = ? L
1 L
1 L = ? oz
32 oz
1 pt = ? mL
500 mL
500 mL = ? pt
1 pt
1 pt = ? oz
16 oz
16 oz = ? pt
1 pt
16 oz = ? mL
500 mL
500 mL = ? oz
16 oz
30 g= ? oz
1 oz
1 oz = ? g
30 g
30 mL = ? fl. oz
1 fl. oz
1 fl. oz = ? mL
30mL
1 gr = ? mg
65mg or 60 mg
65 mg = ? gr
gr i
1 m = ? gtt
1 gtt
1 cup = ? mL
250mL
250mL = ? cup
1 cup
1 cup = ? oz
8 oz
8oz = ? cup
1 cup
8 oz = ? mL
250mL
250mL= ? oz
8 oz
1T= ? t
3t
3t=?T
1T
3t=?mL
15mL
15mL=?t
3t
15mL=?T
1T
1T=?mL
15mL
1t= ? mL
5mL
5mL= ? t
1 t
1 inch = ? cm
2.5 cm
2.5 cm = ? inch
1 inch
1 cc= ? mL
1 mL
1 mL= ? cc
1 cc
10% Expressed as a Ratio
1:10
10% Expressed as a Fraction
10/100
1/10 Expressed as a Ratio
1:10
1/10 Expressed as a Percent
10%
1:10 Expressed as a Percent
10%
1:10 Expressed as a Fraction
1/10
Define 70% v/v
70mL of substance/100mL total
How would you find how many mL from stock solution are required to make a specified amount of solution of a desired %
mL from stock= ((% desired)/(%stock))*vol desired in mL
Define the percentage of alcohol
% of alcohol = proof strength/2
Dosage
The amount of drug per unit of body weight
Dose
The amount of drug per animal
Absolute Dose
eg. 1 to 5 mg PO daily for 7 days
How do you determine the amount of drug for an animal?
Multiply the animal weight by the dosage
How do you determine the volume of the dose?
Use the concentration of the drug (mass per volume)
Where do you round when rounding liquids?
Round to the nearest tenth
How are calculated tablet doses rounded?
Round to the nearest half or whole tablet
This is the study of what a drug does to an animal
Pharmodynamics
This is the study of what the animal does to the drug & movement of drugs w/n the body
pharmacokinetics; ADME process (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion)
The science of preparing drugs
pharmacy
The study of poisons
toxicology
Examples of drugs from mineral sources
calcium, potassium, bromine
examples of drugs from viruses
(vaccine production)
influenza a virus, west nile virus, canine distemper virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Examples of drugs from Fungi
Antibiotics & antifungals
Antibiotics: Penicillin G from P. chrysogenium,chepalosporin C from Acremoniun chrysogenum (cephalosporium acremonium)
antifungals: griseofulvin from P. grisofulvum
examples of drugs from bacteria
antibiotics: bacitracin from Bacillus subtilis; polimixyns from Bacillus plymyxa; streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus; gentamicin from Micromonospora purpurea
Toxins (for toxoid protection): Tetanus toxin from Clostridium tetani