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RUSVM Pharm I > Vet Prep export pharm > Flashcards

Vet Prep export pharm Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug?

A

any substance that can affect a biological system

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2
Q

what are the different sources of drugs

A

natural semisynthetic synthetic

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3
Q

what are active ingredients in plants

A

alkaloids

glycosides

resins

gums

tannins

fixed oils

volatile oils (ethereal)

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4
Q

alkaloids

A

(active ingredient in plants) basic nitrogenous substances that are insoluable in water and end with -ine

*their salts are soluable in water

*have a bitter taste

*can be precipitated by acids

ex: atropine, morphine, scopolamine, yohimbine

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5
Q

Glycosides

A

(active ingredient in plants)

Mostly toxic (derived from fox glove; Digitalis glycosides)

*Inert Sugars combined with other organic structures (hydrolysis releases the sugar–aglycone or genin)

EX: digitoxin, digoxin, ouabain

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6
Q

Resins

A

(active ingredient in plants) substances formed by polymerization of volatile oils (volatile oils = evaporative (fragrant) oils

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7
Q

Gums

A

(active ingredient in plants)

polysaccharides secreted by certain trees

ex: gum acacia from acacia, gum tragacanth from Astragalus

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8
Q

tannins

A

(active ingredient in plants) polyphenols that produce astringent effect (precipitate proteins)

what “dries the mouth” in red wines

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9
Q

fixed oils

A

(active ingredient in plants)

oils that do not evaporate when exposed to air

EX: cottonseed oil, castor oil, linseed oil

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10
Q

volatile oils

A

(active ingredient in plants)

evaporate readily when exposed to air

EX: peppermint oil, turpentine oil, oil of clove

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11
Q

Sources of drugs from animals

A

blood, plasma, hormones, toxins

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12
Q

Sources of drugs from Fungi

A

antibiotics e.g. penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines, polymyxins

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13
Q

Sources of drugs from bacteria

A

antibiotics (e.g. bacitracin)

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14
Q

what are examples of natural sources of drugs

A

mineral (non-living) animal (hormones) plant bacteria (bactracin) fungi (antibiotics)

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15
Q

define semisynthetic drug

A

from natural sources and chemically treated

ex: amoxicillin, apomorphine, ampicillin

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16
Q

define synthetic drug

A

highly purified substances prepared synthetically (eg manufactured entirely in the lab)

ex: sulfonamides (antibacterial), furosemide (diuretic) fentanyl, acepromazine

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17
Q

4 classifications of physical states of drugs

A

solid (powder, pill, bolus, pessary, suppository) liquid (mixture, tincture, spirit, suspension, elixir, etc) semisolid (ointment, cream, paste, electuary) gases or vapors (aerosol, spray, mist)

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18
Q

Powder

A

solid, mixture of drugs packaged in packets or sachets??

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19
Q

Tablet

A

solid,active drug combined with a binder and excipient, compressed into a tablet by machine ENTERIC COATED TABLET - irritant tablets coated with substance that is insoluble in acid but will dissolve in the alkaline small intestine)

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20
Q

pill

A

solid, mixture of drugs and a sticky binder ovoid or spherical glazed sugar coating

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21
Q

capsule

A

container made of mix of gelatin and glycerin suitable for drugs in powdered form or certain liquid drugs

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22
Q

bolus

A

solid *large, cylindrical in shapeused for horses and cattle (another type of bolus is a large amount of liquid given by IV injection in one dose)

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23
Q

mixture

A

liquid aqueous solution/suspension for oral administration aromatic water (aqueous solution + volatile oil) added to prevent bacteria/mold contamination

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24
Q

pessary

A

solid conical solid preparation for intravaginal use in humans

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25
Q

suppository

A

solid conical solid preparation given intrarectally for systemic effect in humans.melts and releases active ingredients after introduction to the body

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26
Q

paste

A

semisolid preparation for external use (skin) or internal use

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27
Q

electuary

A

semisolid preparation applied to the back of the tongue for systemic effect

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28
Q

tincture

A

alcoholic liquid preparation nonvolatile substance (for external or internal use)

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29
Q

spirit

A

alcoholic liquid preparation volatile substance

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30
Q

suspension

A

liquid aqueous suspension of solids and a dispersing agent (gum tragacanth or methylcellulose) to delay settling.

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31
Q

Syrup

A

liquid solution of medicinal agents, flavoring and coloring agents in 85% sucrose solution (more than 50% sucrose)

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32
Q

elixir

A

liquid hydroalcoholic solution of medicinal agentssweetened and flavored(better keeping quality than micture b/c of high alcohol content)

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33
Q

emulsion

A

liquid oily substance in aqueous medium with emulsifying (or dispersing) agent like gum acacia, lecithin, or methylcellulose

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34
Q

Extract

A

liquid from passing solvent over dried plant material and evaporating the solvent or placing crude material into solvent until active substances extracted (maceration).cold/warm water = infusion boiling water = decoction

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35
Q

injections

A

liquid? sterile solutions/suspensions in aqueous (sometimes oil) vehicle heat sterilized or filtered through millipore filters may be package aseptically in vials and reconstituted with sterile water immediately before use

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36
Q

decoction

A

extract performed in boiling water

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37
Q

infusion

A

extract performed in cold or warm water

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38
Q

repository forms

A

slow release forms prolong the effective drug concentration in the body by providing sustained release in the dosage form

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39
Q

liniment

A

external dosage form liquid or semisolidapplied to the skin with friction (rubbing) contains counterirritants used in chronic inflammation of muscles and tendons

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40
Q

lotion

A

external dosage formsolution or suspension soothing substances applied to skin to relieve pain in acute inflammation

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41
Q

ointment

A

external dosage form semisolid, greasy preparation drug is dissolved or dispensed in a suitable base

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42
Q

cream

A

external dosage form incorporates drug in water-oil emulsion; water evaporates and leaves the drug and a thin film of oil on the skin

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43
Q

Dusting Powder

A

external dosage form mixture of drugs in powder form use talc or starch as adsorbents

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44
Q

aeorsol

A

gas/vapor drug incorporated in a solvent and packaged under pressure with a propellant such as flurorinated hydrocarbon or nitrogen

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45
Q

vehicles

A

solvents or carriers can be solid can be used in oral, injections and semisolid

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46
Q

examples of oral vehicles

A

waters (peppermint water) syrup, elixir

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47
Q

examples of injection vehicles

A

sterile water, sterile saline, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysorbate 80

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48
Q

examples of semisolid vehicles

A

parrafin oil and wax, bee wax, vaseline

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49
Q

what factors affect selection of the route of administration of a drug

A

therapeutic factors

drug factors

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50
Q

therapeutic factors affecting route selection

A

onset and duration of action site of action adverse reactions

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51
Q

drug factors affecting route selection

A

irritation solubility availability of drug in different forms pH

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52
Q

two routes of administration

A

local systemic

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53
Q

disadvantages of IV

A

1) dangerous (overdosing possible) 2) difficult to administer depending on species/behavior/dehydration 3) may be costly/laborous 4) risk of infection (must be aseptic)

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54
Q

advantages of IM

A

1) rapid absorption 2) duration of action is longer than IV 3) suspensions can be injected

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55
Q

disadvantages of IM

A

Irritant, hypertonic, acidic or basic drugs may cause tissue damage

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56
Q

advantages of subcutaneous

A

1) Slow, constant absorption 2) longer duration of action than——

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57
Q

disadvantages of subcutaneous

A

1) slow onset 2) irritating drugs can not be used

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58
Q

What is the only appropriate way to give an irritating drug

A

IV

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59
Q

Define a prescription

A

an order to a pharmacist written by a licensed medical practitioner to prepare the prescribed medication, affix the directions and sell the preparation to the client it is a legally recognized document–writer is responsible for its accuracy should be written in ink and carbon copy kept on file

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60
Q

Rx

A

abbrev of the latin word “recipe” which means to take

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61
Q

inscription

A

names & amounts of drugs to be incorporated includes the basis, vehicle, adjuvant and corrective

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62
Q

basis

A

primary drug in prescription, base for medication

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63
Q

vehicle

A

vehicle for the drug

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64
Q

adjuvant

A

another drug

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65
Q

corrective

A

ex: potassium iodide

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66
Q

subscription

A

instructions to pharmacist on how to make preparation, may have english or latin abbreviations

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67
Q

signa

A

instructions to owner on how to use medication

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68
Q

Three categories of drugs products

A

OTC Prescription Controlled

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69
Q

OTC

A

over the counter do not need a prescription

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70
Q

Prescription drugs

A

1) regulated by the FDA 2) FDA - CVM ensures that animal drugs are not harmful to animals 3) vaccines regulated by the USDA 4) veterinarian/client/patient relationship must exist before a prescription drug is prescribed

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71
Q

Controlled substances

A

1) regulated by the DEA 1a) regulates the purchase, storage and use of controlled substances 2) divided into five classes based on potential of abuse or misuse by people, low classes have a higher potential of abuse

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72
Q

Class I (C-I)

A

highest abuse potential severe liability no therapeutic agents (in the US) ex: Heroin and LSD

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73
Q

Class II (C-II)

A

High abuse potential (less than C-II) severe liability ex: Morphine, Codeine and amphetamine

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74
Q

Class III (C-III)

A

Abuse potential less than C-I and C-II moderate liability ex: anabolic steroids

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75
Q

Class IV (C-IV)

A

Abuse potential less than C-I, C-II and C-III moderate liability ex: butorphanol & diazepam

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76
Q

Class V (C-V)

A

least abuse potential limited liability ex: buprenorphine, dipenoxylate w/ atropine

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77
Q

Prescription requirements for Class/Schedule II

A

Full name & address of both vet & owner identity of patient practitioner permit number must be typewritten or written in ink (cannot be phoned in) no refills limited to 34 day supply for each prescription

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78
Q

Prescription requirements for III, IV and V

A

may be prescribed orally or in writing may be refilled, but no more than 5 times within 6 months some schedule V drugs may be sold over the counter

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79
Q

requirements on label for II, III and IV drugs

A

Caution: Federal law prohibits the transfer of this drug to any person other than the client and patient for whom it was prescribed

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80
Q

what is extra-label use and what allows veterinarians to use it?

A

using a drug for something it is not approved for (different species, humans, different dosage, different route of administration) but has been proven to be effective in treatment by studies or otherwise. Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act 1994 (AMDUCA) If you do this as a veterinarian you are taking full responsibility if something goes wrong, you must have documentation to back up your reasoning

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81
Q

FARAD

A

Food animal residues avoidance databank computer system that provides information including withdrawal times of all drugs approved for use in food-producing animals, official tolerances and pharmokinetic studies

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82
Q

Two types of drug names

A

nonproprietary (generic) – starts with a lowercase letter brand (trade) name – starts with a capital or uppercase letter

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83
Q

tab

A

tablet

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84
Q

cap

A

capsule

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85
Q

pulv

A

powder

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86
Q

sol

A

solution

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87
Q

susp

A

suspension

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88
Q

elix

A

elixir

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89
Q

tinct

A

tincture

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90
Q

gtt

A

drop

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91
Q

oint

A

ointment

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92
Q

IV

A

Intravenous

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93
Q

IVPB

A

intravenous piggyback

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94
Q

IM

A

Intramuscular

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95
Q

SC, SQ

A

subcutaneously

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96
Q

IP

A

intraperitoneal

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97
Q

IA

A

intra-arterial

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98
Q

PO

A

per os (oral)

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99
Q

PR

A

Per rectal

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100
Q

OS

A

(oculus sinister) left eye

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101
Q

OD

A

(oculus dexter) right eye

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102
Q

OU

A

(oculus uterque) each eye

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103
Q

AS

A

(auris sinistra) left ear

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104
Q

AD

A

(auris dextra) right ear

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105
Q

AU

A

(auris unitas) both ears

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106
Q

U.S.P

A

United States Pharmacopeia

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107
Q

q

A

(quaque) every

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108
Q

h

A

(hora) hour

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109
Q

d

A

(die) day

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110
Q

min

A

minute

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111
Q

s.i.d.

A

(semel in die) once daily

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112
Q

b.i.d.

A

(bis in die) twice daily

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113
Q

t.i.d.

A

(ter in die) thrice daily

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114
Q

q.i.d.

A

(quarter in die) four times daily

115
Q

q.o.d.

A

(quaque latera die) every other day

116
Q

p.r.n.

A

(pro re nata) as needed

117
Q

od

A

(omne die) every day

118
Q

qd

A

(quaque die) every day

119
Q

q2d

A

every other day

120
Q

q6h

A

(quaque 6 hora) every 6 hours

121
Q

q8h

A

(quaque 8 hora) every 8 hours

122
Q

q12h

A

(quaque 12 hora) every 12 hours

123
Q

stat

A

immediately, at once

124
Q

a.c.

A

(ante cibum) before meals

125
Q

p.c.

A

(post cibum) after meals

126
Q

ad. Lib.

A

(ad libitum) as desired, freely

127
Q

a

A

(ante) before

128
Q

p

A

(post) after

129
Q

c

A

(cum) with

130
Q

s

A

(sine) without

131
Q

aq

A

(aqua) water

132
Q

et

A

and

133
Q

noct

A

night

134
Q

Identification (5)

A

Drug Names Lot or control number NADA number manufacturer NDC

135
Q

Directions (4)

A

Directions for Preparation of Solution Storage and Use information Label warnings USP

136
Q

Prescription Information (4)

A

Strength Form Total Amount Expiration Date

137
Q

3 Categories of Drug Label Features

A

Identification Directions Prescription Information

138
Q

Controlled Substances

A

Drugs with abuse potential which are controlled by the law and classified into 5 classes

139
Q

NDA

A

National Drug Code

140
Q

NADA

A

New Animal Drug Application A single, unique NADA number assigned to the drug by the FDA

141
Q

USP

A

United States Pharmacopeia It is a compendium of quality control tests for drugs and excipients to be introduced into a medicinal formulation which is published annually and includes methods for identification, assays and purity

142
Q

NF

A

National Formulary

143
Q

The two official national lists of approved drugs in the US

A

USP, NF

144
Q

posology

A

the study of doses

145
Q

dose

A

the amount of drug given to a specific patient to give a certain effect

146
Q

dosage

A

the amount of drug per unit body weight (kg or lb) and is usually in mg/kg or mg/lb

147
Q

3 Types of Doses

A

Therapeutic Toxic Lethal

148
Q

Minimal Therapeutic Dose

A

the smallest amount of drug that has a therapeutic effect

149
Q

Maximal Therapeutic Dose

A

the largest amount of drug that can be tolerated without producing toxic effects

150
Q

Optimal Therapeutic Dose

A

dose that lies someplace between the minimal and maximal therapeutic doses

151
Q

Effective Dose Fifty (ED 50)

A

the dose effective for half the population also known as the median effective dose

152
Q

toxic dose

A

the dose on the toxic dose curve that is the amount of drug producing undesirable clinical, hematological, biochemical or pathological alterations

153
Q

Lethal Dose Fifty (LD 50)

A

the dose that kills half the population

154
Q

Median Lethal Dose (LDS or MLD)

A

LD50 The dose that causes death in 50% of the animals

155
Q

Lethal Dose Zero (LD 0)

A

the highest toxic dose that doesn’t kill anyone

156
Q

Lethal Dose One Hundred (LD 100)

A

The dose that kills everyone

157
Q

2 methods of evaluating the relative safety of drugs

A

the therapeutic index the standard safety margin

158
Q

TI

A

the therapeutic index also known as the therapeutic ration is the ratio between LD50 and ED50 LD50/ED50

159
Q

SSM 100%

A

The standard safety margin expresses the percentage dose increase between ED99 and LD1. SSM 100%= {(LD1-ED99)/ED99 }* 100 orSSM 100% = ((LD1/ED99)-1) * 100

160
Q

Standard Safety Margin

A

The SSM expresses the percentage dose increase between ED99 and LD1. The wider the margin between ED99 and LD1 for a drug, the safer the foot. More accurate than the therapeutic index.

161
Q

Safety Factor

A

LD1/ED99

162
Q

Therapeutic Index Interpretation

A

The larger the therapeutic index, the wider the margin of safety of a drug

163
Q

main base unit of the metric system for weight

A

gram

164
Q

main base unit of the metric system for volume

A

liter

165
Q

kilo-

A

1000

166
Q

deci-

A

1/10

167
Q

centi-

A

1/100

168
Q

milli-

A

1/1000

169
Q

micro-

A

1/1,000,000

170
Q

nano-

A

1/1,000,000,000

171
Q

pico-

A

1/1,000,000,000,000

172
Q

kg

A

kilogram

173
Q

g

A

gram

174
Q

mg

A

milligram

175
Q

mcg

A

microgram

176
Q

ng

A

nanogram

177
Q

pg

A

picogram

178
Q

L

A

liter

179
Q

mL

A

milliliter

180
Q

mcL

A

microliter

181
Q

dL

A

deciliter

182
Q

In the metric system, are decimals or fractions used?

A

decimals

183
Q

In the metric system, does the unit come before or after the number?

A

after

184
Q

which numbers are used in the metric system?

A

arabic numberals

185
Q

How are fractions written in the metric system?

A

they are written as decimals with a zero before the decimal point for values less than 1.

186
Q

gr.

A

grain

187
Q

qt

A

quart

188
Q

pt

A

pint

189
Q

fl. oz

A

fluid ounce

190
Q

oz

A

ounce

191
Q

fl. dram

A

fluid dram

192
Q

m

A

minim

193
Q

qt i = pt ?

A

ii

194
Q

qt i = fl. oz ?

A

32

195
Q

pt i = fl. oz ?

A

16

196
Q

fl. oz i = fl. dram ?

A

viii

197
Q

fl. dram i= m ?

A

60

198
Q

In the apothecary system, amounts are designated how?

A

in roman numerals for small amounts and in Arabic numbers for large amounts

199
Q

In the apothecary system, does the abbreviation precede or follow the amount?

A

precede

200
Q

In the apothecary system, are fractions or decimals used?

A

fractions

201
Q

lb

A

pound

202
Q

ounce

A

oz

203
Q

1 lb = ? oz

A

16

204
Q

gal

A

gallon

205
Q

1 gal = ? qt

A

4

206
Q

quart

A

qt

207
Q

1 qt = ? pt

A

2

208
Q

1 qt = ? cups

A

4

209
Q

2 pt = ? cups

A

4

210
Q

cup

A

cup

211
Q

fl oz

A

fluid oz

212
Q

2 T= ? oz

A

1

213
Q

1 cup = ? oz

A

8

214
Q

T

A

tablespoon

215
Q

t

A

teaspoon

216
Q

1 t = ? gtt

A

60

217
Q

1T = ? t

A

3

218
Q

gtt

A

drop

219
Q

1 kg = ? lb

A

2.2 lb

220
Q

2.2 lb = ? kg

A

1 kg

221
Q

1 gal = ? L

A

4 L

222
Q

4 L = ? gal

A

1

223
Q

1 qt = ? L

A

1 L

224
Q

1 L = ? qt

A

1 qt

225
Q

1 qt = ? oz

A

32 oz

226
Q

32 oz = ? qt

A

1 qt

227
Q

32 oz = ? L

A

1 L

228
Q

1 L = ? oz

A

32 oz

229
Q

1 pt = ? mL

A

500 mL

230
Q

500 mL = ? pt

A

1 pt

231
Q

1 pt = ? oz

A

16 oz

232
Q

16 oz = ? pt

A

1 pt

233
Q

16 oz = ? mL

A

500 mL

234
Q

500 mL = ? oz

A

16 oz

235
Q

30 g= ? oz

A

1 oz

236
Q

1 oz = ? g

A

30 g

237
Q

30 mL = ? fl. oz

A

1 fl. oz

238
Q

1 fl. oz = ? mL

A

30mL

239
Q

1 gr = ? mg

A

65mg or 60 mg

240
Q

65 mg = ? gr

A

gr i

241
Q

1 m = ? gtt

A

1 gtt

242
Q

1 cup = ? mL

A

250mL

243
Q

250mL = ? cup

A

1 cup

244
Q

1 cup = ? oz

A

8 oz

245
Q

8oz = ? cup

A

1 cup

246
Q

8 oz = ? mL

A

250mL

247
Q

250mL= ? oz

A

8 oz

248
Q

1T= ? t

A

3t

249
Q

3t=?T

A

1T

250
Q

3t=?mL

A

15mL

251
Q

15mL=?t

A

3t

252
Q

15mL=?T

A

1T

253
Q

1T=?mL

A

15mL

254
Q

1t= ? mL

A

5mL

255
Q

5mL= ? t

A

1 t

256
Q

1 inch = ? cm

A

2.5 cm

257
Q

2.5 cm = ? inch

A

1 inch

258
Q

1 cc= ? mL

A

1 mL

259
Q

1 mL= ? cc

A

1 cc

260
Q

10% Expressed as a Ratio

A

1:10

261
Q

10% Expressed as a Fraction

A

10/100

262
Q

1/10 Expressed as a Ratio

A

1:10

263
Q

1/10 Expressed as a Percent

A

10%

264
Q

1:10 Expressed as a Percent

A

10%

265
Q

1:10 Expressed as a Fraction

A

1/10

266
Q

Define 70% v/v

A

70mL of substance/100mL total

267
Q

How would you find how many mL from stock solution are required to make a specified amount of solution of a desired %

A

mL from stock= ((% desired)/(%stock))*vol desired in mL

268
Q

Define the percentage of alcohol

A

% of alcohol = proof strength/2

269
Q

Dosage

A

The amount of drug per unit of body weight

270
Q

Dose

A

The amount of drug per animal

271
Q

Absolute Dose

A

eg. 1 to 5 mg PO daily for 7 days

272
Q

How do you determine the amount of drug for an animal?

A

Multiply the animal weight by the dosage

273
Q

How do you determine the volume of the dose?

A

Use the concentration of the drug (mass per volume)

274
Q

Where do you round when rounding liquids?

A

Round to the nearest tenth

275
Q

How are calculated tablet doses rounded?

A

Round to the nearest half or whole tablet

276
Q

This is the study of what a drug does to an animal

A

Pharmodynamics

277
Q

This is the study of what the animal does to the drug & movement of drugs w/n the body

A

pharmacokinetics; ADME process (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion)

278
Q

The science of preparing drugs

A

pharmacy

279
Q

The study of poisons

A

toxicology

280
Q

Examples of drugs from mineral sources

A

calcium, potassium, bromine

281
Q

examples of drugs from viruses

A

(vaccine production)

influenza a virus, west nile virus, canine distemper virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus

282
Q

Examples of drugs from Fungi

A

Antibiotics & antifungals

Antibiotics: Penicillin G from P. chrysogenium,chepalosporin C from Acremoniun chrysogenum (cephalosporium acremonium)

antifungals: griseofulvin from P. grisofulvum

283
Q

examples of drugs from bacteria

A

antibiotics: bacitracin from Bacillus subtilis; polimixyns from Bacillus plymyxa; streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus; gentamicin from Micromonospora purpurea

Toxins (for toxoid protection): Tetanus toxin from Clostridium tetani

RUSVM Pharm I (3 decks)

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