Pharm Exam II Flashcards
The two principle components of the ANS are what?
The Parasympathetic Nervous System
and
the Sympathetic Nervous Sytem
True or false: primary diseases of the ANS are common
False
Most visceral organs are innervated by which division of the ANS?
By both, but they produce opposite effects in the same structure
Decreased heart rate is an example of stimulation by what division of the ANS?
parasympathetic
increased heart rate is an example of the stimulation by what division of the ANS?
Sympathetic
True or False: Both para and sympathetic system have preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons (post ganglion innervates organs and is also called the neuroeffector junction)
True
The neuroeffector junction is another name for what component of both PSNS and SNS systems?
Post ganglionic neuron
ACh is the neurotransmitter where and for what systems?
At all ganglia and at most parasympathetic neuroeffectors
In addition to ACh, some tissues have this neurotransmitter at the parasympathetic neuroeffector junction
nitric oxide - genitalia erectile tissue
This is the neurotransmitter at most sympathetic neuroeffector junctions
Nor/epinephrine
This is the neurotransmitter in erectile tissue of genitalia, an dit is part of which nervous system?
nitric oxide - parasympathetic
This is the NT for sweat glands in humans and it is part of what nervous system?
ACh (sympathetic nervous system)
In addition to Nor/epinephrine, the NT at a few junctions of the sympathetic nervous system is what?
ACh
The receptors are activated by ACh
cholinergic receptors
cholinergic receptors can be divided into what two receptor types?
nicotinic and muscarinic
These cholinergic receptors are present postsynaptically at all ganglionic synapses and at the neruomuscular junction
nicotinic
These cholinergic receptors are situated at the neruoeffection junction of parasympathetic nerves
muscarinic
These receptors are activated by nor/epinephrine
adrenergic
adrenergic receptors are activated by what?
nor/epinephrine
name the divisions of adrenergic receptors
alpha 1, 2
beta 1, 2, 3 (and more)
histamine, serotonin, nitric oxide, vasointestinal peptide, and cyclic nucleotides are all examples of what?
Other neurotransmitters, etc that contribute to the transformation of information in the ANS
besides ACh and Nor/epinephrine what other things contribute to the transmission of information in the ANS? give examples
other neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neuromodulators
histamine, serotonin, nitric oxide, vasointestinal peptide, cyclic nucleotides etc
The main supraspinal site of modulation for both para and sympathetic systems is what?
the hypothalamus
Cross the blood brain barrier
carbonamides organophosphates propanolol ephedrine phystostigmine scolopamine atropine
PSNS direct acting mimetics
bethanochol
pilocarpine
PSNS indirect/reversible mimetics
neostigmine
edophonium
pysostigmine
PSNS indirect acting/irreversible mimetics
echothipate and diisopropyl flurorophosphate
PSNS direct acting lytics
atropine glycopyrralate scopolamine aminopentamide oxybutynin/propantheline
PSNS antagonists as mydriatics
atropine and tropicamide
PSNS muscle relaxants
guafenesin
metrocarbamol
dantrolene
PSNS neuromuscular blocker - noncompetitive
succincylcholine
PSNS neuromuscular blocker - competitve
pancornium
atracuronium
vencuronium
rocuronium
what do you use to reverse neuromuscular blockers
neostigmine and edrophonium
components of a triple drip
ketamine
xylazine or detromidine
guaifenesin
stages of neuromuscular blockers
tail/face to limbs to swallowing to abs to intercostals and diaphragm
what conditions must be met if you are going to use a neuromuscular blocker?
animal must be asleep and ventilated
SNS direct - non catecholamine
phenylephrine brimomidine ractopamine zilpatorol isoxsuprine albuterol clenbuterol
SNS mixed
phenylpropanolamine
SNS lytic - direct
phenoxybenzamine
prazosin
propanolol
timolol
SNS mimetics - catechol
epinephrine norepinephrine isoprotenolol dopamine dobutamine ephedrine
phenoxybenzamine
SNS lytic - direct
alpha 1 anatagonist
urinary retention
tumor of adrenal gland (pheochromocytoma)
prazosin
SNS lytic - direct
alpha 1 antagonist
dilates arterioles and veins
treats congestive heart failure, hypertension and urethral obstruction
propanolol
SNS lytic - direct non selective Beta antagonist antiarythmmic treats feline hyperthyroidism crosses BBB
timolol
SNS lytic - direct
non selective Beta antagonist
reduces aqueous humor
epinephrine
SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine)
activates all andrenergic receptors
used in cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis
2 micrograms/kg intercardiac
norepinephrine
SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine) alpha agonist (beta 1 agonist at high dose) vasocontrictive increases afterload
isoprotenolol
SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine)
beta 1 and beta 2 agonist
treats ventricular dysrythmia
dopamine
SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine)
med/low dose - beta 1 agonist and ionotropic
med/high dose - beta 1 agonist and chromotrope
high dose - alpha 1 agonist, norepinephrine release
dobutamine
SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine)
beta 1 agonist
acute heart failure
ephedrine
SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine)
crosses BBB, works on SNS (mimetic)
phenylephrine
SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine)
alpha 1 agonist
treats hypotension, shock, causes mydriasis
brimomidine
SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine)
alpha 2 agonist
treats glaucoma
ractopamine and zilpatorol
SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine) non selective beta agonist lean muscles, partitioning agent ractopamine - pigs, cattle, turkeys zilpatorol - cattle
isoxsuprine
SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine)
beta 2 agonist, alpha 1 antagonist
cattle - cesarean, dystocia
horses- laminitis and navicular disease
albuterol and clebuterol
SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine)
beta 2 agonist
albuterol - COPD in horses
clenbuterol - angel dust, performance enhancers
phenylpropanolamine
used for urinary incont in dogs
give with estrogen to increase alpha 1 receptors in sphincter
guafenesin
PSNS muscle relaxant horses and cattle relaxes muscles for intubation central acting - spinal cord
metrocarbomol
PSNS
central acting - spinal cord
treats acute inflammatory conditions of skeletal muscle
dantrolene
PSNS
peripheral acting - skeletal muscle
blocks ryanodine receptors
treats malignant hyperthermia
atropine
crosses BBB dries secretions causes sticky saliva in cattle causes panic in horses increases salivation in cats psychroplasia mydriasis in eye PSNS - lytic (direct)
glycopyrralate
acts like atropine
PSNS - lytic (direct)
preanesthetic
scopolamine
crosses BBB similar to atropine but more CNS effects decreases peristalsis treats spasmodic colic in horses PSNS - lytic (direct)
aminopentamide
decreases peristalsis
antispasmodic for dogs and cats
PSNS - lytic (direct)
oxybutynin/propantheline
relaxes bladder to allow filling PSNS lytic (direct)
tropanimide
used in retinal exam
causes mydriasis
bethanechol
M3 agonist
contracts bladder
PSNS mimetic direct
pilocarpine
miosis 2-6 hours
irritating
decreases intraocular pressure
PSNS mimetic - direct
neostigmine
used in cattle horses and sheep treats myasthenia gravis in dogs/cats treats rumen atony gets shit moving initiates peristalsis, empties bladder PSNS mimetic- indirect/reversible
edrophonium
used in dogs/cats to diagnose MG
differentiates between myathetnic and cholinergic crisis
PSNS - mimetics indirect/reversible
physostigmine
crosses BBB
miosis for 12 hours
PSNS - mimetic, indirect/reversible
echothiopate and iisopropyl flurophosphate
PSNS mimetic, indirect and IRREVERSIBLE
miosis for 12 hours
decreases intraoccular pressure
