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RUSVM Pharm I > Pharm Exam II > Flashcards

Pharm Exam II Flashcards

0
Q

The two principle components of the ANS are what?

A

The Parasympathetic Nervous System
and
the Sympathetic Nervous Sytem

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1
Q

True or false: primary diseases of the ANS are common

A

False

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2
Q

Most visceral organs are innervated by which division of the ANS?

A

By both, but they produce opposite effects in the same structure

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3
Q

Decreased heart rate is an example of stimulation by what division of the ANS?

A

parasympathetic

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4
Q

increased heart rate is an example of the stimulation by what division of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic

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5
Q

True or False: Both para and sympathetic system have preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons (post ganglion innervates organs and is also called the neuroeffector junction)

A

True

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6
Q

The neuroeffector junction is another name for what component of both PSNS and SNS systems?

A

Post ganglionic neuron

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7
Q

ACh is the neurotransmitter where and for what systems?

A

At all ganglia and at most parasympathetic neuroeffectors

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8
Q

In addition to ACh, some tissues have this neurotransmitter at the parasympathetic neuroeffector junction

A

nitric oxide - genitalia erectile tissue

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9
Q

This is the neurotransmitter at most sympathetic neuroeffector junctions

A

Nor/epinephrine

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10
Q

This is the neurotransmitter in erectile tissue of genitalia, an dit is part of which nervous system?

A

nitric oxide - parasympathetic

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11
Q

This is the NT for sweat glands in humans and it is part of what nervous system?

A

ACh (sympathetic nervous system)

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12
Q

In addition to Nor/epinephrine, the NT at a few junctions of the sympathetic nervous system is what?

A

ACh

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13
Q

The receptors are activated by ACh

A

cholinergic receptors

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14
Q

cholinergic receptors can be divided into what two receptor types?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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15
Q

These cholinergic receptors are present postsynaptically at all ganglionic synapses and at the neruomuscular junction

A

nicotinic

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16
Q

These cholinergic receptors are situated at the neruoeffection junction of parasympathetic nerves

A

muscarinic

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17
Q

These receptors are activated by nor/epinephrine

A

adrenergic

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18
Q

adrenergic receptors are activated by what?

A

nor/epinephrine

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19
Q

name the divisions of adrenergic receptors

A

alpha 1, 2

beta 1, 2, 3 (and more)

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20
Q

histamine, serotonin, nitric oxide, vasointestinal peptide, and cyclic nucleotides are all examples of what?

A

Other neurotransmitters, etc that contribute to the transformation of information in the ANS

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21
Q

besides ACh and Nor/epinephrine what other things contribute to the transmission of information in the ANS? give examples

A

other neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neuromodulators

histamine, serotonin, nitric oxide, vasointestinal peptide, cyclic nucleotides etc

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23
Q

The main supraspinal site of modulation for both para and sympathetic systems is what?

A

the hypothalamus

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24
Q

Cross the blood brain barrier

A 
carbonamides
organophosphates
propanolol
ephedrine
phystostigmine
scolopamine
atropine
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25
Q

PSNS direct acting mimetics

A

bethanochol

pilocarpine

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26
Q

PSNS indirect/reversible mimetics

A

neostigmine
edophonium
pysostigmine

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27
Q

PSNS indirect acting/irreversible mimetics

A

echothipate and diisopropyl flurorophosphate

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28
Q

PSNS direct acting lytics

A 
atropine
glycopyrralate
scopolamine
aminopentamide
oxybutynin/propantheline
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29
Q

PSNS antagonists as mydriatics

A

atropine and tropicamide

30
Q

PSNS muscle relaxants

A

guafenesin
metrocarbamol
dantrolene

31
Q

PSNS neuromuscular blocker - noncompetitive

A

succincylcholine

32
Q

PSNS neuromuscular blocker - competitve

A

pancornium
atracuronium
vencuronium
rocuronium

33
Q

what do you use to reverse neuromuscular blockers

A

neostigmine and edrophonium

34
Q

components of a triple drip

A

ketamine
xylazine or detromidine
guaifenesin

35
Q

stages of neuromuscular blockers

A 
tail/face to
limbs
to swallowing
to abs
to intercostals and diaphragm
36
Q

what conditions must be met if you are going to use a neuromuscular blocker?

A

animal must be asleep and ventilated

37
Q

SNS direct - non catecholamine

A 
phenylephrine
brimomidine
ractopamine
zilpatorol
isoxsuprine
albuterol
clenbuterol
38
Q

SNS mixed

A

phenylpropanolamine

39
Q

SNS lytic - direct

A

phenoxybenzamine
prazosin
propanolol
timolol

40
Q

SNS mimetics - catechol

A 
epinephrine
norepinephrine
isoprotenolol
dopamine
dobutamine
ephedrine
41
Q

phenoxybenzamine

A

SNS lytic - direct
alpha 1 anatagonist
urinary retention
tumor of adrenal gland (pheochromocytoma)

42
Q

prazosin

A

SNS lytic - direct
alpha 1 antagonist
dilates arterioles and veins
treats congestive heart failure, hypertension and urethral obstruction

43
Q

propanolol

A 
SNS lytic - direct
non selective Beta antagonist
antiarythmmic
treats feline hyperthyroidism
crosses BBB
44
Q

timolol

A

SNS lytic - direct
non selective Beta antagonist
reduces aqueous humor

45
Q

epinephrine

A

SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine)
activates all andrenergic receptors
used in cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis
2 micrograms/kg intercardiac

46
Q

norepinephrine

A 
SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine)
alpha agonist
(beta 1 agonist at high dose)
vasocontrictive
increases afterload
47
Q

isoprotenolol

A

SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine)
beta 1 and beta 2 agonist
treats ventricular dysrythmia

48
Q

dopamine

A

SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine)
med/low dose - beta 1 agonist and ionotropic
med/high dose - beta 1 agonist and chromotrope
high dose - alpha 1 agonist, norepinephrine release

49
Q

dobutamine

A

SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine)
beta 1 agonist
acute heart failure

50
Q

ephedrine

A

SNS - mimetic, direct (catecholamine)

crosses BBB, works on SNS (mimetic)

51
Q

phenylephrine

A

SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine)
alpha 1 agonist
treats hypotension, shock, causes mydriasis

52
Q

brimomidine

A

SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine)
alpha 2 agonist
treats glaucoma

53
Q

ractopamine and zilpatorol

A 
SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine)
non selective beta agonist
lean muscles, partitioning agent
ractopamine - pigs, cattle, turkeys
zilpatorol - cattle
54
Q

isoxsuprine

A

SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine)
beta 2 agonist, alpha 1 antagonist
cattle - cesarean, dystocia
horses- laminitis and navicular disease

55
Q

albuterol and clebuterol

A

SNS - mimetic, direct (non catecholamine)
beta 2 agonist
albuterol - COPD in horses
clenbuterol - angel dust, performance enhancers

56
Q

phenylpropanolamine

A

used for urinary incont in dogs

give with estrogen to increase alpha 1 receptors in sphincter

57
Q

guafenesin

A 
PSNS
muscle relaxant
horses and cattle
relaxes muscles for intubation
central acting - spinal cord
58
Q

metrocarbomol

A

PSNS
central acting - spinal cord
treats acute inflammatory conditions of skeletal muscle

59
Q

dantrolene

A

PSNS
peripheral acting - skeletal muscle
blocks ryanodine receptors
treats malignant hyperthermia

60
Q

atropine

A 
crosses BBB
dries secretions
causes sticky saliva in cattle
causes panic in horses
increases salivation in cats
psychroplasia
mydriasis in eye
PSNS - lytic (direct)
61
Q

glycopyrralate

A

acts like atropine
PSNS - lytic (direct)
preanesthetic

62
Q

scopolamine

A 
crosses BBB
similar to atropine but more CNS effects
decreases peristalsis
treats spasmodic colic in horses
PSNS - lytic (direct)
63
Q

aminopentamide

A

decreases peristalsis
antispasmodic for dogs and cats
PSNS - lytic (direct)

64
Q

oxybutynin/propantheline

A 
relaxes bladder to allow filling
PSNS lytic (direct)
65
Q

tropanimide

A

used in retinal exam

causes mydriasis

66
Q

bethanechol

A

M3 agonist
contracts bladder
PSNS mimetic direct

67
Q

pilocarpine

A

miosis 2-6 hours
irritating
decreases intraocular pressure
PSNS mimetic - direct

68
Q

neostigmine

A 
used in cattle horses and sheep
treats myasthenia gravis in dogs/cats
treats rumen atony
gets shit moving
initiates peristalsis, empties bladder
PSNS mimetic- indirect/reversible
69
Q

edrophonium

A

used in dogs/cats to diagnose MG
differentiates between myathetnic and cholinergic crisis
PSNS - mimetics indirect/reversible

70
Q

physostigmine

A

crosses BBB
miosis for 12 hours
PSNS - mimetic, indirect/reversible

71
Q

echothiopate and iisopropyl flurophosphate

A

PSNS mimetic, indirect and IRREVERSIBLE
miosis for 12 hours
decreases intraoccular pressure

RUSVM Pharm I (3 decks)

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