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Neuroscience🧠 > Vestibular System > Flashcards

Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

Select all that apply: the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear contains

A. neuronal cell bodies
B. autoleaf organs
C. semicircular canal
D. 2nd order neurons

A

B. autoleaf organs
C. semicircular canal

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2
Q

The role of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear is to

A. keep eyes still during head movement
B. coordinate head and body musculature for reflexes & posture
C. maintain conscious perception of movement and spatial orientation
D. transduce fluid movement into neural signals

A

D. transduce fluid movement into neural signals

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3
Q

The role of the vestibulo-ocular network is to…

A. keep eyes still during head movement
B. coordinate head and body musculature for reflexes & posture
C. maintain conscious perception of movement and spatial orientation
D. transduce fluid movement into neural signals

A

A. keep eyes still during head movement

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4
Q

The role of the vestibulospinal network is

A. keep eyes still during head movement
B. coordinate head and body musculature for reflexes & posture
C. maintain conscious perception of movement and spatial orientation
D. transduce fluid movement into neural signals

A

B. coordinate head and body musculature for reflexes and posture

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5
Q

The role of the vestibulothalamocortical network is…

A. keep eyes still during head movement
B. coordinate head and body musculature for reflexes & posture
C. maintain conscious perception of movement and spatial orientation
D. transduce fluid movement into neural signals

A

C. maintain conscious perception of movement and spatial orientation

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6
Q

The vestibular nerve projects to the _______, which is the location of 2nd order neurons

A

The vestibular nuclei

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7
Q

What are the primary afferents of the vestibular system?

A

Bipolar cells

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8
Q

The 3 translational movements are along which axes?

A

along the X, Y, and Z axis

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9
Q

Translational movement along the X axis is…

A. side to side
B. up and down
C. forward and backward

A

C. forward and backward

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10
Q

Translational movement along the Y axis is…

A. side to side
B. up and down
C. forward and backward

A

A. side to side

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11
Q

Translational movement along the Z axis is…

A. side to side
B. up and down
C. forward and backward

A

B. up and down

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12
Q

What are the 3 rotational movements?

A

Roll (X), Pitch (Y), and Yaw (Z)

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13
Q

What is an example of a rotational movement around the X (roll) axis

A. shaking head yes
B. side to side tilting (lateral flexion of head)
C. shaking head no

A

B. side to side tilting (lateral flexion)

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14
Q

What is an example of a rotational movement around the Y (pitch) axis

A. shaking head yes
B. side to side tilting (lateral flexion of head)
C. shaking head no

A

A. shaking head yes

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15
Q

What is an example of a rotational movement around the Z (yaw) axis

A. shaking head yes
B. side to side tilting (lateral flexion of head)
C. shaking head no

A

C. shaking head no

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16
Q

What are the three semicircular canals?

A

anterior, posterior, horizontal

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17
Q

The semicircular canals are attached to the _____

A

central vestibule

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18
Q

In the semicircular ducts, the _____ contains hair cells

A

ampulle

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19
Q

What are the otoloth organs?

A

The utricle and saccule

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20
Q

In the otolith organs, the ______ contains hair cells

A

Maculae

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21
Q

Select all that apply: the superior vestibular nerve innervates the…

A. posterior canal
B. horizontal canal
C. anterior canal
D. saccule
E. utricle

A

B. horizontal canal
C. anterior canal
E. utricle

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22
Q

Select all that apply: the inferior vestibular nerve innervates the…

A. posterior canal
B. horizontal canal
C. anterior canal
D. saccule
E. utricle

A

A. posterior canal
D. saccule

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23
Q

T/F: The semicircular canals and otolith organs compliment each other by forming functional units.

A

True

  • these functional units sense specific changes in head and body position
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24
Q

The semicircular canals transduce _____ movements

A. rotational
B. linear

A

A. rotational

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25
Q

The otolith organs transduce _____ movements

A. rotational
B. linear

A

B. linear (or the orientation of the head relative to gravity

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26
Q

Select all that apply: the ampulla is the location of which structures?

A. otolith membrane
B. crista
C. cupula
D. otoconia
E. striola

A

B. crista
C. cupula

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27
Q

Movement of the endolymph causes displacement of the ____, which bends the sterocillia.

A. crista
B. cupula

A

B. cupula

28
Q

Select all that apply: the macula is the location of which structures?

A. otolith membrane
B. crista
C. cupula
D. otoconia
E. striola

A

A. otolith membrane
D. otoconia
E. striola

29
Q

What is a depression in the otolith membrane, where some hair cells are polarized?

A. crist
B. cupula
D. otoconia
E. striola

A

D. striola

30
Q

Bending of the steocilia towards the tallest will result in ______ and _______ of the primary afferent

A. depolarization; inhibition
B. depolarization; excitation
C. hyperpolarization, inhibition
D. hyperpolarization; excitation

A

B. depolarization; excitation

31
Q

Bending of the steocilia away from the tallest will result in ______ and _______ of the primary afferent

A. depolarization; inhibition
B. depolarization; excitation
C. hyperpolarization, inhibition
D. hyperpolarization; excitation

A

C. hyperpolarization; inhibition

32
Q

The semicircular canals allow is to sense ______ and _______ of movement

A

Direction and magnitude

33
Q

The horizontal canals detect movement around the _____ axis

A. X axis (roll)
B. Y axis (pitch)
C. Z axis (yaw)

A

C. Z axis (yaw)

34
Q

The anterior and posterior canals detect movement around the ______ and _____ axis

A. X axis (roll)
B. Y axis (pitch)
C. Z axis (yaw)

A

X and Y axis

35
Q

A head turn to the L causes _____ of the left semicircular canals and ______ of the right semicircular canals

A. excitation; inhibition
B. inhibition; excitation

A

A: excitation; inhibition

excitation of the canal on the same side as the head turn, and inhibition in the opposite

36
Q

Movement direction is encoded via a ______

A

Macular map

37
Q

When sterocilia of the hair cells are deflected TOWARDS the tallest, the hair cell will _______

A. hyperpolarize
B. depolarize

A

B. depolarize

38
Q

When sterocilia of the hair cells are deflected AWAY from the tallest, the hair cell will _______

A. hyperpolarize
B. depolarize

A

A. hyperpolarize

39
Q

The rotary vestibulo-occular reflexes compensate for rotational movements and depend on _________

A. the semicircular canals
B. the otolith organs

A

The semicircular canals

40
Q

The translational vestibulo-ocular reflexes compenstae for translational movement and depend on the ________

A. the semiciruclar canals
B. the otolith organs

A

B. the otolith organs

41
Q

When we move our head to the right, our eyes move to the left. To move our eyes to the left, we must activate which muscles?

A

Activate the R medial rectus and the L lateral rectus

42
Q

To move out head to the left, our eyes move to the right. To move our eyes to the left, we must activate which muscles?

A

R lateral rectus and the L medial rectus

43
Q

A timing signal is located in the _______ to compensate for time delays of occulomotor innervation

A

Abducens nucleus

44
Q

Head tilting side to side (lateral flexion) causes torsional movements of the eye in the ________ direction

A

opposite

45
Q

T/F vestibular-ocular reflexes can be suppressed by higher centers

A

True… but at some times we DONT want this (i.e trying to follow a moving target with your eyes)

46
Q

What are primitive reflexes?

A

reflexes exhibited by typically developing infants in response to stimuli

47
Q

What are the three integrated postural responses?

A

righting, equilibrium, and protective reactions

48
Q

What is a righting reaction?

A. complex changes in posture or movement designed to restore disturbed balance
B. reflex designed to maintain correct orientation of the head and body with respect to vertical
C. reflex designed to protect body and involve extension movements in the extremities in the same direction of the opposing force

A

B. reflex designed to maintain correct orientation of the head and body with respect to vertical

49
Q

What is a equilibrium reaction?

A. complex changes in posture or movement designed to restore disturbed balance
B. reflex designed to maintain correct orientation of the head and body with respect to vertical
C. reflex designed to protect body and involve extension movements in the extremities in the same direction of the opposing force

A

A. complex changes in posture or movement designed to restore disturbed balance

50
Q

What is a protective reaction?

A. complex changes in posture or movement designed to restore disturbed balance
B. reflex designed to maintain correct orientation of the head and body with respect to vertical
C. reflex designed to protect body and involve extension movements in the extremities in the same direction of the opposing force

A

C. reflex designed to protect body and involve extension movements in the extremities in the same direction of the opposing force

51
Q

What are the two descending pathways of the vestibulospinal network?

A

The medial and lateral vestibulospinal tract

52
Q

The medial vestibulospinal tract is important for….

A. initating head and neck responses
B.initates body responses

A

A. initiating head and neck responses

53
Q

The lateral vestibulospinal tract is important for….

A. initiating head and neck responses
B. initiates body responses

A

B. initiates body responses

  • allow us to maintain balance
54
Q

The LVST will originate on the

A

lateral and inferior vestibular nuclei

55
Q

The LSVT will project ______ on cervical-lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord

A. contralaterally
B. ipsilaterally

A

ipsilaterally

56
Q

The MVST will originate in the

A

medial vestibular nuclei

57
Q

The MVST will project ______ on motor neurons of the cervical spinal cord

A. contralaterally
B. ipsilaterally
C. bilaterally

A

C. bilaterally

58
Q

LVST neurons send ______ signals to extensor muscles and ______ signals to the flexor muscles

A

Excitatory; inhibitory

  • strong excitatory effect on extensor muscles *
59
Q

MVST carry ______ signals that result in head/neck movements opposite the perturbation

A

excitatory and inhibitory

60
Q

If your head is falling forward, the MSVT will send _______ signals to the extensors and ______ signals to the flexors to prevent this motion

A

Excitatory; inhibitory

61
Q

Subjective vertigo is

A. specific perception of body motion; spinning/turning that is experienced when no real motion is taking place
B. specific perception of objects spinning or moving while patient is not moving
C. periods of subjective vertigo that coincides with particular changes in body position

A

A. specific perception of body motion; spinning/turning that is experienced when no real motion is taking place

62
Q

Objective vertigo is

A. specific perception of body motion; spinning/turning that is experienced when no real motion is taking place
B. specific perception of objects spinning or moving while patient is not moving
C. periods of subjective vertigo that coincides with particular changes in body position

A

B. specific perception of objects spinning or moving while patient is not moving

63
Q

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo is

A. specific perception of body motion; spinning/turning that is experienced when no real motion is taking place
B. specific perception of objects spinning or moving while patient is not moving
C. periods of subjective vertigo that coincides with particular changes in body position

A

C. periods of subjective vertigo that coincides with particular changes in body position

most common form of vertigo

64
Q

What is Nystagmus?

A

rhythmic oscillating motions of the eyes

65
Q

Meniere’s Disease is…

A

disorder of the inner ear that leads to hearing loss, feeling of fullness in the ear, tinnirus (ringing) and vestibular dysfunction

66
Q

Vestibular Schwannoma is a

A

Tumor developing from Schwann cells that increase pressure in the internal acoustic meatus and compression of CN VII and VIII

67
Q

Blood supply to the vestibular apparatus, nerve, and nuclei are branches of the…

A

anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

Neuroscience🧠 (12 decks)

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