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Neuroscience🧠 > Auditory System > Flashcards

Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

Sound waves are measured in…

A

frequency and amplitude

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2
Q

Frequency is

A. the number of times per second that a pressure wave repeats itself
B. the relative strength of a sound wave

A

A. the number of times per second that a pressure wave repeats itself

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3
Q

Frequency is measured in

A

Hertz

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4
Q

The range of important speed sounds is

A. 500-9000 Hz
B. 250-6000 Hz
C. 80-550 Hz
D. 1000-10000 Hz

A

B. 250- 6000

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5
Q

Amplitude is

A. the number of times per second that a pressure wave repeats itself
B. the relative strength of a sound wave

A

B. The relative strength of a sound wave

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6
Q

Amplitude is measured in

A

decibles

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7
Q

A typical conversational volume is about…

A. 100dB
B: 330 dB
C. 60 dB
D. 10 dB

A

C. 60 dB

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8
Q

T/F: To determine the location of the origin of sound, we only use information coming from one ear (monaural)

A

False, we compare monaural and binaural information

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9
Q

The job of the external ear is to _____ sound waves

A. transmit
B. convert
C. capture

A

C. capture

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10
Q

The job of the inner ear is to ______ sound waves

A. transmit
B. convert
C. capture

A

B. convert

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11
Q

The job of the middle ear is to _____ sound waves

A. transmit
B. convert
C. capture

A

A. transmit

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12
Q

Which two structures are found in the external ear?

A. the external autidtory meatus
B. the oricle
C. the cochlea
D. the oval window

A

A. the external autidtory meatus
B. the oricle

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13
Q

The external ear ends at the ________ membrane

A

Tympanic

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14
Q

What are the 3 auditory ossicles located in the middle ear?

A

the mallus, incus, and stapes

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15
Q

The middle ear transfers incoming vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea, which allows for a transfer of energy called…

A

impedance matching

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16
Q

Which two muscles are located in the middle ear?

A

The tensor tympani and the stapedius

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17
Q

The role of the tensor tympani and the stapedius is to…

A

protective function, that modifies transmission of vibration and dampens sound

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18
Q

What tube is important for transmission of sound, and is how air pressure is kept constant with the environment?

A

The eustachian tube

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19
Q

The inner ear consists of the

A

The cochlea

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20
Q

Which is NOT one of the three compartments of the cochlea?

A. scala vestibuli
B. scala tympani
C. scala media
D. joe

A

D. joe

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21
Q

Which of these compartments are filled with perilymph?

A. scala vestibuli
B. scala tympani
C. scala media

A

A and B (scala vestibuli and tympani)

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22
Q

Perilymph has a ____ concentration of K+ and a ____ concentration of Na+, making it similar to extracellular fluid

A. high, low
B. low, low
C. high, high
D. low, high

A

D. low, high

  • low K+
  • high Na+
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23
Q

Which of the following compartments contains endolymph?

A. scala vestibuli
B. scala tympani
C. scala media

A

C. scala media

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24
Q

Which of the following compartments contains the organ of corti

A. scala vestibuli
B. scala tympani
C. scala media

A

C. scala media

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25
Q

Which of the following compartments is an ascending chamber?

A. scala vestibuli
B. scala tympani
C. scala media

A

A. scala vestibui

  • scala tympani is descending
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26
Q

The scala media is separated from the scala vestibuli by

A. risner’s membrane
B. basillar membrane

A

A. risner’s membrane

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27
Q

Fluid moving through the 3 chambers causes vibrations in the ___________, resulting in stimulation of hair cells

A

organ of corti

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28
Q

Amplitude (intensity) of the sound wave is encoded via….

A

population and frequency coding

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29
Q

The basilar membrane is thicker & more flexible at the _______
A. apex
B. base

A

apex

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30
Q

The basilar membrane is more narrow & stiffer at the

A. apex
B. base

A

base

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31
Q

The hair cells in the organ of corti are taller at the

A. apex
B. base

A

Apex

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32
Q

The peak of a higher frequency is found where along the basilar membrane?

A. apex
B. base

A

B. base

  • low frequency at the apex
33
Q

T/F: Hair cells in the organ of corti CAN be replaced

A

False

34
Q

The majority of information is carried on _______ hair cells

A. inner
B. outer

A

Inner

35
Q

What type hair cell makes up the majority of hair cells in the organ of corti?

A. inner
B. outer

A

B. outer

36
Q

What is the role of the outer hair cells?

A

To amplify signals and tune the cochlea to certain sounds

37
Q

The taller sterocilia are embedded in the ___________ membrane

A. basilar
B. tectorial

A

B. tectorial membrane (roof)

38
Q

Upward movement of the basialar membrane causes the stereocilia to bend _______ the tallest stereocilia, causing _______ of the cell

A. away, inhibition
B. towards, excitation
C. towards, inhibition
D. away, excitation

A

B. towards, excitation

39
Q

Bending of the stereocilia towards the tallest stereocilia causes an influx of K+ that ______ the hair cell

A. depolarizes
B. hyperpolarizes

A

A. depolarize

40
Q

The downward movement of the basillar membrane causes _______ of the cell

A. excitation
B. inhibition

A

inhibition

41
Q

Select all that apply for Type I fibers

A. respond to low intensity sound
B. receive input from 1-2 inner hair cells
C. respond to narrow frequency ranges
D. convey amplitude/volume
E. convey pitch
F. receive input from 10 outer hair cells

A

B, C, E

42
Q

Select all that apply for Type II fibers

A. respond to low intensity sound
B. receive input from 1-2 inner hair cells
C. respond to narrow frequency ranges
D. convey amplitude/volume
E. convey pitch
F. receive input from 10 outer hair cells

A

A, D, F

43
Q

The cochlear nerve projects to ______ in the brainstem

A

the cochlear nuclei

  • they are tonotopically organized
44
Q

The 2nd order neurons project to the ______ of the midbrain

A

inferior colliculi

45
Q

The direct pathway is ______

A. monaural
B. binaural

A

A. monaural (1 ear)

46
Q

The direct pathway processes

A. localization of sound
B. pitch and volume

A

B. pitch and volume

47
Q

Information in the direct pathway about frequency and intensity of sound is projected to the

A. ipsilateral primary auditory cortex
B. contralateral primary auditory cortex

A

B. contralateral primary auditory cortex

48
Q

The indirect pathway processes

A. localization of sound
B. pitch and volume

A

A. localization of sound

49
Q

T/F: Mapping of sound in the vertical plane involves comparing the sounds that reach the tympanic membrane indirectly and directly (done by one ear)

A

True

50
Q

Mapping of sound in the horizontal plane is done by

A

comparing differences between sound arriving at both ears

51
Q

Interaural time differences is used to map the location of

A. high frequency sounds
B. low frequency sounds (like speech)

A

B. low frequency sounds, like speech

52
Q

Interaural time differences is done in the

A. medial superior olivary nucleus
B. lateral superior olivary nucleus

A

A. medial superior olivary nucleus

53
Q

Interaural intensity differences is used to map the location of

A. high frequency sounds
B. low frequency sounds (like speech)

A

A. high frequency sounds

54
Q

What is the main integrative center of the indirect pathway?

A

The inferior colliculi

55
Q

T/F: the tonotopic map is preserved in the inferior colliculi

A

True

56
Q

Wernicke’s area is the location of

A. expressive language
B. The “who, what” stream of vision
C. receptive language
D. the where, how” stream of vision

A

C. receptive language

57
Q

Broca’s area is the location of

A. expressive language
B. The “who, what” stream of vision
C. receptive language
D. the “where, how” stream of vision

A

A. expressive language

58
Q

The parietal area is the location of integration of the

A. expressive language
B. The “who, what” stream of vision
C. receptive language
D. the “where, how” stream of vision

A

D. the “where, how” stream of vision

59
Q

The temporal area is the location of integration of the

A. expressive language
B. The “who, what” stream of vision
C. receptive language
D. the “where, how” stream of vision

A

B. the “who, what” stream of vision

60
Q

The lateral olivocochlear efferents project to _______ hair cells where they synapse with type _____ afferents

A. contralateral, type I
B. contralateral, type II
C. ipsilateral, type I
D. ipsilateral, type II

A

C. ipsilateral, type I

61
Q

The medial olivocochlear efferents cause

A. hyperpolarization
B. depolarization

A

B. depolarization

62
Q

The importance of the olivocochlear bundle is to…

A

tune the cochlea to certain sounds based on context

63
Q

The middle ear reflex protects us from

A

high intensity sounds

64
Q

The afferent limb of the middle ear reflex is carried by what cranial nerve?

A. CN VIII (cochlear)
B. CN V (trigeminal)
C. CN III (occulomotor)
D. CN VII (facial)

A

A. CN VIII (cochlear)

  • this nerve will then output to facial and trigeminal nerves
65
Q

In the efferent limb, there is contraction of which two muscles?

A

The tensor tympani and the stapedius

  • this contraction stiffens the bony chain to reduce transmission of vibration throughout the cochlea
66
Q

Conductive hearing loss is caused by damage to the _____ elements of the ear

A. peripheral
B. central

A

A. peripheral

67
Q

Otosclerosis is

A. infection of the middle ear
B. infection of the auditory canal
C. tissue overgrowth that fixates the stapes in the oval window

A

C. tissue overgrowth that fixates the stapes in the oval window

68
Q

Otitis externa is

A. infection of the middle ear
B. infection of the auditory canal
C. tissue overgrowth that fixates the stapes in the oval window

A

B. infection of the auditory canal

(swimmers ear!)

69
Q

Otitis media is

A. infection of the middle ear
B. infection of the auditory canal
C. tissue overgrowth that fixates the stapes in the oval window

A

A. infection of the middle ear

70
Q

T/F: Otosclerosis, otisis externa and media are all causes of conductive hearing loss

A

True

71
Q

An individual with conductive hearing loss will experience sound ________ on the affected side during a Weber test

A. louder
B. quieter

A

A. louder

  • this is called lateralized toward the affected ear
72
Q

An individual with conductive hearing loss will hear sound during ________, but not during ________ stage of the Rinne test

A. bone conduction, air conduction
B. air conduction, bone conduction

A

A. bone conduction, air conduction

  • air conduction should be 2x longer than bone conduction
73
Q

Sensorineual hearing loss is caused by damage to…

A. the cochlea
B. the cochlear portion of CN VIII
C. the cochlear nuclei
D. all of the above

A

D. all of the above

74
Q

An individual with sensorineual hearing loss will experience sound being ______ on the non-affected side during a Weber test

A. louder
B. quieter

A

A. louder

75
Q

Central deafness is caused by damage to the

A. central auditory pathways
B. cochlea
C. external auditory meatus

A

A. central auditory pathways

76
Q

T/F: central deafness does not usually cause significant hearing loss, but it alters perception of sound

A

True

77
Q

Auditory inattention, difficulty following conversation in noisy environments, and auditory hallucinations are all symptoms of

A

Central deafness

78
Q

An MCA stroke would cause which auditory deficit?

A. monaural hearing loss
B. aphasia
C. no hearing loss, but forms of central deafness

A

Aphasia

Neuroscience🧠 (12 decks)

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