Vertical Relationships Flashcards
How do Magee and Galinsky (2008) define social hierarchy?
Implicit or explicit rank order in relation to a valued social dimension
What 3 social dimensions are there in the social psychology of hierarchies?
Power, status and leadership
Define ‘power’ according to Keltner et al. (2003)
Asymmetric control over valued resources
Define ‘status’ according to Anderson et al. (2012)
Admiration/respect in the eyes of others and voluntary deference to us
Define ‘leadership’ according to van Vugt et al. (2008)
Social influence to achieve shared goals
What is the group-level functionality of social hierarchy?
Facilitates better coordination and reduces conflict; in the absence of hierarchy, group performance suffers
What is the individual-level functionality of social hierarchy?
Higher rank is desirable; increases access to mates, valued resources, admiration and better health outcomes
What did Halevy et al. (2012) conclude in their NBA study?
Hierarchies improve intragroup coordination; they found that pay dispersion significantly predicted cooperation and coordination, which in turn predicted team performance
What did Ronay et al. (2012) use as a measure of testosterone in their study on hierarchy and conflict?
Digit ratio (2D:4D) that is determined by prenatal testosterone; 4D>2D suggests high prenatal T.
What did Ronay et al. (2012) conclude in their 2D:4D study?
High testosterone groups were less productive than mixed testosterone groups because they encountered more intragroup conflict.
What 5 bases of social power did French and Raven (1959) identify?
- Coercive power
- Reward power
- Expert power
- Referent power
- Legitimate power
Which bases of social power are considered ‘social power’ in contemporary psychology?
Coercive and reward power
Which bases of social power are considered ‘social status’ in contemporary psychology?
Expert, referent and legitimate power
What is coercive power?
Ability to administer punishment
What is reward power?
Ability to administer reward
What is expert power?
Special knowledge and abilities
What is referent power?
Desirable resources and traits
What is legitimate power?
Legitimacy to prescribe behaviour (order)
What does Keltner’s (2008) approach-inhibition theory of power suggest?
Low-power individuals are oriented towards understanding the needs of the powerful, while high-power individuals are oriented towards what they want and how to obtain it.
How does social power benefit the beholder?
It liberates; greater assertiveness, optimism, risk-taking, goal-consistent behaviour and executive functioning
What biological mechanism is Keltner’s (2008) inhibition-approach theory of power based upon?
The differential activation of the neurobiological system of approach vs inhibition
What does Magee and Smith’s Social Distance theory of power suggest?
Holding power makes people experience less dependency on others, thereby feeling more distant; power is self-focused and thus leads to overly positive self-aggrandising views
What task is used in research to measure self- vs other-orientation?
With dominant hand, draw a letter as quickly as possible on forehead; oriented towards self or mirrored?
What did Galinsky et al. (2006) find in their study on power and self/other-orientation?
Participants took the perspective of the person in front of them less when experiencing high compared to low power
What did Torelli and Shavitt (2010) find about power across cultures?
Hispanic Americans recalled having personalised power less and socialised power more vividly than European and Asian Americans
What is the function of social status?
Bestowed to individuals with competencies that are valuable to the group and are willing to advance group goals, as this benefits the group
What did Willer (2009) find in their Public Goods Game study on status?
Participants paired with a high contributing partner assigned higher status to them, as they perceived them as more motivated/committed to help the group
How does high social status affect an individual?
Leads to greater other-orientation and pro-sociality; affects perspective taking, generosity and pursuit of collective interests.
What did Blader et al. (2016) find in their study of higher status individuals’ other-orientation?
High status participants displayed greater levels of perspective taking than low status, but high power showed less perspective taking than low power.
What did Anicich et al. (2016) find in their study on power without status?
Participants with high power but low status reported experiencing greater relationship conflict at work (compared to low status&low power and ALL high status - regardless of low/high power)
What did Galinsky et al. (2014) find in their study on power with perspective-taking? [dyads, murder-mystery]
Dyadic outcome was measured by whether or not they successfully solved the case; the greatest improvement in dyadic outcome was found when perspective-training was given to high-power participants
What is paternalistic leadership according to Farh and Cheng (2000)?
A leadership style combining strong discipline and authority with fatherly benevolence, commonly observed in many non-Western business cultures - e.g. Japanese
What did Maddux and Yuki (2006) find in their study on powerholders’ responsibility in American vs Japanese participants?
Japanese participants felt more responsibility for their ‘employees’ and others across a wider range of targets, while Americans felt more responsibility only for cutting their own salary (personal measure)
