Vertical Relationships

Question 1

How do Magee and Galinsky (2008) define social hierarchy?

Answer 1

Implicit or explicit rank order in relation to a valued social dimension

Question 2

What 3 social dimensions are there in the social psychology of hierarchies?

Answer 2

Power, status and leadership

Question 3

Define ‘power’ according to Keltner et al. (2003)

Answer 3

Asymmetric control over valued resources

Question 4

Define ‘status’ according to Anderson et al. (2012)

Answer 4

Admiration/respect in the eyes of others and voluntary deference to us

Question 5

Define ‘leadership’ according to van Vugt et al. (2008)

Answer 5

Social influence to achieve shared goals

Question 6

What is the group-level functionality of social hierarchy?

Answer 6

Facilitates better coordination and reduces conflict; in the absence of hierarchy, group performance suffers

Question 7

What is the individual-level functionality of social hierarchy?

Answer 7

Higher rank is desirable; increases access to mates, valued resources, admiration and better health outcomes

Question 8

What did Halevy et al. (2012) conclude in their NBA study?

Answer 8

Hierarchies improve intragroup coordination; they found that pay dispersion significantly predicted cooperation and coordination, which in turn predicted team performance

Question 9

What did Ronay et al. (2012) use as a measure of testosterone in their study on hierarchy and conflict?

Answer 9

Digit ratio (2D:4D) that is determined by prenatal testosterone; 4D>2D suggests high prenatal T.

Question 10

What did Ronay et al. (2012) conclude in their 2D:4D study?

Answer 10

High testosterone groups were less productive than mixed testosterone groups because they encountered more intragroup conflict.

Question 11

What 5 bases of social power did French and Raven (1959) identify?

Answer 11

• Coercive power
• Reward power
• Expert power
• Referent power
• Legitimate power

Question 12

Which bases of social power are considered ‘social power’ in contemporary psychology?

Answer 12

Coercive and reward power

Question 13

Which bases of social power are considered ‘social status’ in contemporary psychology?

Answer 13

Expert, referent and legitimate power

Question 14

What is coercive power?

Answer 14

Ability to administer punishment

Question 15

What is reward power?

Answer 15

Ability to administer reward

Question 16

What is expert power?

Answer 16

Special knowledge and abilities

Question 17

What is referent power?

Answer 17

Desirable resources and traits

Question 18

What is legitimate power?

Answer 18

Legitimacy to prescribe behaviour (order)

Question 19

What does Keltner’s (2008) approach-inhibition theory of power suggest?

Answer 19

Low-power individuals are oriented towards understanding the needs of the powerful, while high-power individuals are oriented towards what they want and how to obtain it.

Question 20

How does social power benefit the beholder?

Answer 20

It liberates; greater assertiveness, optimism, risk-taking, goal-consistent behaviour and executive functioning

Question 21

What biological mechanism is Keltner’s (2008) inhibition-approach theory of power based upon?

Answer 21

The differential activation of the neurobiological system of approach vs inhibition

Question 22

What does Magee and Smith’s Social Distance theory of power suggest?

Answer 22

Holding power makes people experience less dependency on others, thereby feeling more distant; power is self-focused and thus leads to overly positive self-aggrandising views

Question 23

What task is used in research to measure self- vs other-orientation?

Answer 23

With dominant hand, draw a letter as quickly as possible on forehead; oriented towards self or mirrored?

Question 24

What did Galinsky et al. (2006) find in their study on power and self/other-orientation?

Answer 24

Participants took the perspective of the person in front of them less when experiencing high compared to low power

Question 25

What did Torelli and Shavitt (2010) find about power across cultures?

Answer 25

Hispanic Americans recalled having personalised power less and socialised power more vividly than European and Asian Americans

Question 26

What is the function of social status?

Answer 26

Bestowed to individuals with competencies that are valuable to the group and are willing to advance group goals, as this benefits the group

Question 27

What did Willer (2009) find in their Public Goods Game study on status?

Answer 27

Participants paired with a high contributing partner assigned higher status to them, as they perceived them as more motivated/committed to help the group

Question 28

How does high social status affect an individual?

Answer 28

Leads to greater other-orientation and pro-sociality; affects perspective taking, generosity and pursuit of collective interests.

Question 29

What did Blader et al. (2016) find in their study of higher status individuals’ other-orientation?

Answer 29

High status participants displayed greater levels of perspective taking than low status, but high power showed less perspective taking than low power.

Question 30

What did Anicich et al. (2016) find in their study on power without status?

Answer 30

Participants with high power but low status reported experiencing greater relationship conflict at work (compared to low status&low power and ALL high status - regardless of low/high power)

Question 31

What did Galinsky et al. (2014) find in their study on power with perspective-taking? [dyads, murder-mystery]

Answer 31

Dyadic outcome was measured by whether or not they successfully solved the case; the greatest improvement in dyadic outcome was found when perspective-training was given to high-power participants

Question 32

What is paternalistic leadership according to Farh and Cheng (2000)?

Answer 32

A leadership style combining strong discipline and authority with fatherly benevolence, commonly observed in many non-Western business cultures - e.g. Japanese

Question 33

What did Maddux and Yuki (2006) find in their study on powerholders’ responsibility in American vs Japanese participants?

Answer 33

Japanese participants felt more responsibility for their ‘employees’ and others across a wider range of targets, while Americans felt more responsibility only for cutting their own salary (personal measure)