Vertebrates 5c - Integument of the rest

Question 2

Amphibian skin

Answer 2

Glandular (granular, mucous), no scales, thin protective layer (stratum corneum)

Question 3

Granular gland in amphibian

Answer 3

Some make antimicrobials, toxins (like parotid),

Question 4

Mucous in amphibians

Answer 4

Help keep skin moist, traps bacteria and parasites

Question 5

Reptilian skin

Answer 5

Thick stratum corneum; epidermal keratin plates/scales; only from epidermis; no mucous glands

Question 6

Layers of reptilian epidermis

Answer 6

Outer epidermal generation, fission zone, inner epidermal generation, stratum germinativum (stem cells), then dermis.

Question 7

Problem with reptilian skin?

Answer 7

Very thick and dead, can’t expand. Must shed of molt. Fission zone becomes active and it molts. The living cells below keratinize and die before molting.

Question 8

Reptilian claws

Answer 8

Made of keratin. Used for grasping, digging. Hunting (raptors)

Question 9

Bird skin

Answer 9

Scales of keratin on feet, claws/talons. Similar to reptiles.

Question 10

Feathers

Answer 10

An outgrowth, interaction of epidermis and dermis to leave dead cells with lots of keratin. Similar to hair formation.

Question 11

Vane and Rachis

Answer 11

The fan or surface area and The central shaft

Question 12

Barbs and barbules

Answer 12

Barbs perpendicular the rachis, barbules perpendicular to barbs

Question 13

Hooklets

Answer 13

On the barbules. Hold the vane together, Can separate and reattach (preening)

Question 14

Contour feathers

Answer 14

Most of the feathers on the outside of the bird. Different types.

Question 15

Flight feathers

Answer 15

Some of the longest feathers; rachis is to one side of the feather (asymmetrical). Primary on outer wing, secondary inner. Coverts on the front edge of wings

Question 16

Down feathers

Answer 16

Not as organized, no hooklets. Underneath contour feathers, insulate

Question 17

Bristle feathers

Answer 17

Found in some birds around the eyes to protect them. Longer rachis (relatively)

Question 18

Main roles of feathers

Answer 18

Flight/locomotion, and insulation.

Question 19

Muscles and feathers

Answer 19

All contour feathers have arrector pili attached. Used to fluff up and insulate, and to rotate to help in flight.

Question 20

Evolution of feathers

Answer 20

Proto-feathers about 200mya. Shape with just rachis, barbs but not barbules, etc. True feathers and Flight came around 150mya

Question 21

Dinos

Answer 21

Some may have had many true feathers. (like Yutyrannus huali).

Question 22

What needed for flight?

Answer 22

Feathers, light, need wings

Question 23

Archaeopteryx

Answer 23

First wing/bird. Has feathers and wings, but still had teeth. Might not have flown very well (shorter wings)

Question 24

Microraptor

Answer 24

Has longer wings but…….

Question 25

Beak

Answer 25

Forms over the bone in lower and upper jaw. Made of keratin. Makes head lighter, replaced teeth. The beak has evolved for certain feeding methods/diets

Question 26

Flamingo beak

Answer 26

Beak strains algae and invert. Filter feeding.

Question 27

Uropygial gland

Answer 27

aka preening gland, common in ducks, geese. Secretes waxy substance. Bird preens to spread this.

Question 28

Mammals

Answer 28

Stratum corneum thickness varies b/w animals and areas of same animal.

Question 29

Hair

Answer 29

Mammalian synapomorphy. Follicle is alive, but hair itself is dead cells. Keratin. Formed from interaction b/w dermis and epidermis.

Question 30

Pelage

Answer 30

Guard hairs and underhair. Most animals have this

Question 31

Quills

Answer 31

Same formation as hair. Hollow core, with hooks on end

Question 32

Vibrissae

Answer 32

Whiskers. Gives positional info, help it determine if animal can fit through an opening etc. Sensitive, nerve endings. Any movement, even air, stimulates them.

Question 33

Unguis

Answer 33

Claws, hoofs, nails. Keratinized, similar to claw.

Question 34

Ungulates

Answer 34

Animals with hoofs. Surrounds the bone. Wall (vertical) is unguis, sole of foot is unguis.

Question 35

Nails

Answer 35

Role is to protect the sensitive ends of the fingers. Doesn’t get in the way like a claw so you can grip.

Question 36

Horns

Answer 36

Horny layer, epidermal layer, and bony core. Usually in both sexes, sometimes sexual dimorphism. Large ones have lots of air pockets for weight.

Question 37

Rhino horn

Answer 37

It is only keratin.

Question 38

Difference b/w horns and antlers

Answer 38

Antlers are not present all the time…

Question 39

Antler

Answer 39

In the Cervidae family. Usually just males, or smaller in females. Covered in skin with small hairs (velvet), highly vascularized so bony part of antler can grow quickly.

Question 40

Antlers growth and falling off

Answer 40

Grows from protuberances on skull. Cells on protuberance die so they fall off. Usually grow bigger the next year.

Question 41

Ossicones

Answer 41

Horns covered in skin, less keratinized. Horns in giraffes.

Question 42

Baleen

Answer 42

Long keratinized fibers that form a plate/strainer. Loose skin on throat allows them to get a lot of water in mouth, then force water out, and scoop food off with tongue.

Question 43

Sebaceous glands

Answer 43

Produce oil/wax which can help waterproof fur. Usually associated with hair follicle

Question 44

Sweat glands

Answer 44

Eccrine: onto skin, not hair; salts and water, used for cooling. Apocrine: more convoluted, onto hair; salts, water, scents and pheromones

Question 45

Mammary glands

Answer 45

Mammalian synapomorphy. Convoluted, may have evolve from apocrine glands. Produce milk glands. Controlled by oxytocin and prolactin. Ducts/alveolus open into gland cistern then teat.

Question 46

Mammary glands in monotremes?

Answer 46

Secrete milk onto the skin, no teats.

Question 47

Vasodilation and constriction

Answer 47

Allows for cooling or retaining heat. Fur usually prevents evaporative cooling, so ears (less hair) help cool.

Question 48

Blubber

Answer 48

Large deposits of subcutaneous fat. Important in insulation, also some role in buoyancy for aquatic animals.