Vertebrates 1 - History

Question 2

SPCA

Answer 2

Founded in 1866, in USA

Question 3

AWA

Answer 3

Animal welfare act, 1966, in USA

Question 4

Trends in animal use

Answer 4

Huge increase since WWII to 1970 (increased funding), then decreased to present (ethics, accurate results?)

Question 5

3 R’s of Humane Animal Experimentation (Russel and Birch)

Answer 5

Replacement (cell culture/inverts over rats); Reduction (less animals with loss of data, 1000 or 100 - save money!); Refinement (change techniques, less pain/stress)

Question 6

Animal research in Canada

Answer 6

No legislation direct for animals (fed. or prov.); some committees for ethics and researchers

Question 7

Where are most animals used in Canada?

Answer 7

Mostly in research, very few (relatively) in testing and teaching

Question 8

Levels of Anatomy and physiology

Answer 8

Molecular; organelle; cellular; tissue (most tissues are the same); organ; organ system; organism

Question 9

Philosophers

Answer 9

Aristotle, Hippocrates, Plato; wrote about animals, how body works; just observed, no experiments

Question 10

Herophilus

Answer 10

300BC. Father of anatomy; autopsies to compare humans and animals

Question 11

Galen

Answer 11

around 1AD; Physician and philosopher, experimental physiology; live dissection

Question 12

1500-1600

Answer 12

Age of autopsy. Da Vinci paintings, Vesalius Textbook

Question 13

1600-1700

Answer 13

Descartes, Hooke; microscope, cell,

Question 14

1700-1800

Answer 14

van Leeuwenhoekl, Galvani; comparative anatomy, electricity in physiology

Question 15

1800-1900

Answer 15

Schwann, Schleider (cell theory); Darwin; Broca; Cajal (pathways in brains); Rontgen (Xrays)

Question 16

1900-pres

Answer 16

Pavlov (Behaviour), Berger (human brain, ECG), Young (comparative anatomy), Hodgkin and Huxley (vision/brain), Hubel and Weisel, Axel and Buck (olfactory)