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BIOL21221 Animal diversity > Vertebrates > Flashcards

Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Chordata

A

Deuterostomes, notochords (rod along dorsal axis), pharyngeal gill slits, thyroid

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2
Q

Name 3 chordate orders

A

Cephalochordate, urochordata, vertebrata

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3
Q

Vertebrates have a neural crest, describe it

A

Migratory multipotent cells that form around the developing neural tube. Leads to formation of teeth, heart, nerve (all vertebrate characteristics)

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4
Q

Describe 4 vertebrate characteristics

A

segmented brains, paired sensory organs, branchial arches, (most) vertebral column

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5
Q

Name the two categories of vertebrates

A

Cyclostomata (jawless, more primitive) and Gnathostomata (jawed, more derived)

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6
Q

What are the two types of Cyclostomata?

A

Lampreys and Hagfish. Monophyletic.

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7
Q

Describe lampreys

A

Eel-like morphology, oral sucker, undergo metamorphosis

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8
Q

Describe hagfish

A

Worm-like morphology, blind, neural crest, produce slime

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9
Q

Describe some features of the skeletal tissues of Gnathostomata

A

Ribs, ventral vertebrae, hinged jaw, bone and dentine

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10
Q

Describe some features of the soft tissues of Gnathostomata

A

Myelinated nerves, adaptive immune system, stomach

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11
Q

Name three mating behaviours of fish

A

Parthenogenesis (‘virgin birth’), sexual parasitism, semelparity (mass breeding event then death)

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12
Q

Name four types of rearing behaviours of fish

A

Oviparity, ovuliparity, viviparity, ovoviviparity

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13
Q

Describe euryhaline fish

A

Can live in a range of salinities

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14
Q

Name a behaviour that fish use to avoid predation

A

Schooling

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15
Q

What kind of fish are Teleosts?

A

Ray-finned

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16
Q

Describe Teleosts

A

Mobile premaxilla for protrusion feeding, homocercal (equal-lobed) tail that develops on ventral surface

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17
Q

What are the two categories of Teleosts?

A

Acanthomorpha (spiny ray-finned, includes seahorses, cod) and non-acanthomorpha (includes eel, catfish, dragonfish)

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18
Q

What are osteichthyes and how do they control buoyancy?

A

Bony fish. Swim bladder for gas exchange (homologous to lungs)

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19
Q

What are chondrichthyes and how do they control buoyancy?

A

Cartilaginous fish. Large oily liver for neutral buoyancy. Swim up and down.

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20
Q

What is the difference between anguilliform and ostraciform fish?

A

Anguiliforms use whole body to swim, high acceleration, low manoeuvrability (eels), ostraciforms are box shapes and only use their tail, low acceleration, high manoeuvrability (sunfish)

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21
Q

Discuss the convergent evolution of fish morphologies

A

Related to stable mode of life in niches. Convergent evolution arises from repeated niche occupation by different species. e.g. nektonic planktivores (Anomalocaridids in Cambrian, baleen whales in the present)

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22
Q

What phylum contains tetrapods and what are the two types?

A

In phylum Chordata. Amphibians and amniotes

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23
Q

Where did tetrapods evolve from and when did they first come on to land?

A

Arose from Sarcoptergians (lobe-finned fish). First on land in the Devonian

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24
Q

What fossil evidence is there for the evolution of tetrapods from Sarcopterygians?

A

Skull bones, amphibian limb from fin, opening to nostrils in mouth, lungs for air in shallow water

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25
Q

What were the requirements for the movement of tetrapods onto land?

A

Terrestrial locomotion, air-breathing, structural support, water balance

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26
Q

What did the late Devonian Eustheropteron show evidence for?

A

Body support in fins (fin exoskeleton) used when the water periodically dropped

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27
Q

What the the early-late Devonian Panderchthyes show evidence for?

A

Tetrapod-like tail and shoulder.

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28
Q

Describe the structure of the tetrapod skull

A

Skull structure linked to breathing and feeding. Unattached to shoulder girdle (allows foraging). TETRAPODS HAVE NECKS

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29
Q

Describe the evolution of tetrapod breathing

A

Gill arches reduce in size/number, invaginated lungs evolved in placoderms and bony fish in Silurian and Devonian (tidal flow is not as efficient as unidirectional flow. Pumps added)

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30
Q

Why do tetrapods have interlocking vertebrate and distinct vertebral regions?

A

Transfer forces and different loading regimes

31
Q

Describe amphibians

A

Ectothermic vertebrates with aquatic larval stage that metamorphoses into terrestrial adult. Thought to be monophyletic. No obvious fossil ancestor.

32
Q

What do the three categories of amphibians have in common?

A

Pedicellate teeth

33
Q

How do amphibians respire?

A

Via skin, gills, and lungs

34
Q

Name two similarities between amphibians and other tetrapods

A

Fenestration on back of skull, 10 cranial nerves

35
Q

Name two adaptions of amphibians

A

Different heart structure to endotherms. Limbs for land locomotion

36
Q

Describe the amphibian order Urodela (Salamanders)

A

Not always aquatic->terrestrial, can have paedomorphosis, prehensile tongue, single common ancestor in mid-Jur

37
Q

Describe the amphibian order Gymnophonia (Caecilians)

A

Secondarily limbless (lack girdle and limbs), burrowers, viviparity, can concertina back bone internally, skin feeding

38
Q

Describe the amphibian order Anura (Frogs and Toads)

A

Tailless adults, aquatic reproduction, jumping, large orbitals, no ribs, fused ulna-radius and tib-fib, max. 10 pre-sacral vertebrae

39
Q

Describe amniotes

A

Egg-laying tetrapods. Egg-laying allows them to be fully terrestrial.

40
Q

Describe reptiles

A

Ectothermic tetrapods with dry scaly skin and that lay soft-shelled eggs on land. Eggs have two membranes so less size restriction from O2 diffusion.

41
Q

Describe the evolution of reptiles

A

Originate in Carboniferous, diverse taxa in Mesozoic, 3 branches in Permian, modern groups in Triassic

42
Q

Define anapsids and give three examples

A

1 skull hole. Stem reptiles, turtles, tortoises

43
Q

Define euryapsids and give two examples

A

2 skull holes. Ichthyosaurs, Plesiosaurs

44
Q

Define Diapsids and give six examples

A

3 skull holes. Crocodilia, snakes, lizards, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, birds

45
Q

Define Synapsids and give two examples.

A

4 skull holes. Mammals and stem-mammals

46
Q

What preadaptation did amniotes have to have?

A

No metamorphosis, internal fertilisation, Ca deposit to build shell

47
Q

Describe early reptiles

A

Robust limbs, no swimming, less sprawling gait

48
Q

Give six examples of reptile characteristics that amphibians don’t have

A

More advanced body support, copulatory organs (internal fertilisation), complex nervous system, efficient circulatory system, jaws, no larvae

49
Q

Describe the reptile order Testudines (Turtles)

A

Oviparous, carnivorous, shell of fused ribs, flexible neck, anapsid.

50
Q

Describe the suborder Sauria (lizards), contained in the reptile order Squamata

A

Ectothermic, good vision, moveable eyelids. Includes Amphisbaeia (legless lizard, no visible eyes or ears)

51
Q

Describe the suborder Serpentes (snakes), contained in the reptile order Squamata

A

Limbless, no girdle, rigidity from ribs, kinetic skull (python has mobile jaw), don’t blink, can be venomous, can sense body temperature

52
Q

Describe the reptile class Archosauria

A

Contains Crocodilia (largest living reptiles), dinosaurs, and birds. Diapsids.

53
Q

What was the ancestral state of dinosaurs

A

Bipedal

54
Q

Give two synapomorphies of dinosaurs

A

Large single occipital bone in back of skull, radius length < 80% of humerus length.

55
Q

What are dinosaurs?

A

Endothermic (easier to keep warm than cool as a large animal), diapsid archosaurs

56
Q

Define and give examples of Saurischia

A

Lizard-hipped. Pubis points forward. Includes sauropods, T-rex, allosaurus. EVOLVE INTO BIRDS

57
Q

Define and give examples of Ornithiscia

A

Bird-hipped. Pubis lines up with ilium. Several lineages revert to quadrupedality. Includes ceratopsians. DID NOT EVOLVE INTO BIRDS.

58
Q

Give three techniques for estimating body mass of extinct animals

A

Scaling, trace fossils, bone strength

59
Q

What adaptations did sauropods have for their long necks?

A

Valve system to maintain blood pressure up to head, springy tendon in neck so head up was relaxed state, small, light skulls

60
Q

What may dinosaur horns and frills have been used for?

A

Sexual selection, fighting, ramming, protection

61
Q

Describe theropods dinosaurs

A

Hollow bones, three digits on each limb, semilunate carpal for wrist flexibility. Evolved into birds

62
Q

Name three characteristics present in birds and not reptiles

A

Endothermy, feathers, 4 heart chambers

63
Q

Name three similarities of birds and reptiles

A

Egg-laying, leg scales, columella (single middle ear bone)

64
Q

Describe the evolution of flight in birds

A

Filamentous insulating feathers -> symmetrical hind limb feathers -> feathers with symmetrical vanes, hollow bones -> asymmetrical vanes, pneumatised bones (Archaeopteryx, 150-145mya)

65
Q

Give three synapomorphies of the clade Avialae (birds)

A

Flight, 25 or less vertebrae, 1 reversed digit

66
Q

Describe the Avialian Confuciusornis

A

Early Cretaceous. Early birds, toothless beak

67
Q

Describe the Avialian Enantiornis

A

Most abundant avialians in Mesozoic

68
Q

Describe the Avialian Hesperonithes

A

Only Mesozoic birds to colonise water. Transitional shorebird that evolved into modern birds.

69
Q

Name the two categories of modern Aves

A

Palaeognathe (6 orders. ratites, more primitive) and Neognathae (27 orders. water birds, ducks, soarers, forest birds, game birds)

70
Q

Describe the Avian skull

A

Columella (single middle ear bone), keratinous beak relating to feeding, syrinx produces sound

71
Q

Describe Avian vision

A

Superior vision to other vertebrates, tetrochromats, 3 eyelids

72
Q

Describe four Avian adaptations for digestion

A

Crop (softens and regulates flow of food), gizzard (muscular stomach as no teeth to chew), caeca (bacteria to breakdown plant cellulose), cloaca (opening for excretion). Excrete solid uric acid to prevent water loss.

73
Q

Describe Avian reproduction

A

Internal fertilisation, extensive parental care, precocial (mature) is ancestral state, now range of precocial to altricial

BIOL21221 Animal diversity (11 decks)

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