Vertebrates

Question 1

Fish skeleton

Answer 1

Amphicoeleus vertebrae
Heamal arches to protect arteries and veins
Dorsal ribs separate epaxial and hypaxial

Question 2

Frog skeleton

Answer 2

Fused radius and ulna
Fused tibiofibula
Atragalus is medial, calcaneum lateral
Sacrum is just vertebra 9

Question 3

Chelonian skeleton

Answer 3

8 C vertebrae
10 T vertebrae; 8 pairs of ribs
Scapula inside ribcage

Question 4

Scutes

Answer 4

Ossified dermis with very keratinised epithelium on top
Top is carapace; fused with ribs/spine
Botton is plastron
-> Linked by flexible bridge

Question 5

Pleurodires

Answer 5

Chelonians that fold neck into horizontal S; incomplete

Question 6

Cryptodires

Answer 6

Chelonians that fold neck into vertical S shape; more complete

Question 7

Scutes from medial out (carapace)

Answer 7

Vertebral, costal, marginal

Question 8

Scutes from cranial to caudal (plastron)

Answer 8

Gular, humeral, pectoral, abdominal, femoral, anal

Question 9

Snake skeleton

Answer 9

Very kinetic skull
Diapsid
Quadrate pushes on pterygoid onto palatine to drive maxilla up
1 occipital condyle

Question 10

Lizard skeleton

Answer 10

C1 and C2 fused

Diapside

Question 11

Archosaurs

Answer 11

Reptiles with scutes e.g crocs

Question 12

Lepidosaurs

Answer 12

Reptiles with overlapping scales

Question 13

Bird spine

Answer 13

Has jugular bar between quadrate and maxilla too
Single occipital condyle
T2-5 fused as notarium
T6 free
T7, L1-5, S1-2, Cd1-5 fused as synsacrum

Question 14

Sclerotic ring

Answer 14

ossified structure in orbit of eye to reduce eye volume/withstand vit pressure

Question 15

Bird hindlimb

Answer 15

Tibiotarsus = fusion of astragalus, calcaneum and tibia
Tarsometatarsus = fusion of tarsals 2-4, metatarsals 2-4

Question 16

Forcula

Answer 16

Clavicles fused to form forcula (wishbone); elastic arrangement to store energy so it takes less energy to pull the wing back

Question 17

Coracoids in birds

Answer 17

Strut b/w shoulder and sternum to resist pull of pectorals and protect ribcage so breathing can occur in flight

Question 18

Foramen triosseum

Answer 18

Scapula, coracoid, clavicle

Tendon of supracoracoideus runs through

Question 19

Bird forearm

Answer 19

Smaller radius
Carpometacarpus = fusion of MC2/3 and distal carpals
Alula = digit 1, P1,2

Question 20

Kidneys

Answer 20

Fish: mesonephric
Amphibians: (pronephric) mesonephric
Chelonians: metanephric but no LoH
Squamates: metanephric but no LoH
Birds: metanephric with LoH

Question 21

Resp system

Answer 21

Fish: gills
Amphibians: buccal pump; multicameral lungs
Chelonians: rotate forelimb out; mulitcameral lungs
Squamates: unicameral
Birds: