Vertebrates Flashcards
Fish skeleton
Amphicoeleus vertebrae
Heamal arches to protect arteries and veins
Dorsal ribs separate epaxial and hypaxial
Frog skeleton
Fused radius and ulna
Fused tibiofibula
Atragalus is medial, calcaneum lateral
Sacrum is just vertebra 9
Chelonian skeleton
8 C vertebrae
10 T vertebrae; 8 pairs of ribs
Scapula inside ribcage
Scutes
Ossified dermis with very keratinised epithelium on top
Top is carapace; fused with ribs/spine
Botton is plastron
-> Linked by flexible bridge
Pleurodires
Chelonians that fold neck into horizontal S; incomplete
Cryptodires
Chelonians that fold neck into vertical S shape; more complete
Scutes from medial out (carapace)
Vertebral, costal, marginal
Scutes from cranial to caudal (plastron)
Gular, humeral, pectoral, abdominal, femoral, anal
Snake skeleton
Very kinetic skull
Diapsid
Quadrate pushes on pterygoid onto palatine to drive maxilla up
1 occipital condyle
Lizard skeleton
C1 and C2 fused
Diapside
Archosaurs
Reptiles with scutes e.g crocs
Lepidosaurs
Reptiles with overlapping scales
Bird spine
Has jugular bar between quadrate and maxilla too Single occipital condyle T2-5 fused as notarium T6 free T7, L1-5, S1-2, Cd1-5 fused as synsacrum
Sclerotic ring
ossified structure in orbit of eye to reduce eye volume/withstand vit pressure
Bird hindlimb
Tibiotarsus = fusion of astragalus, calcaneum and tibia Tarsometatarsus = fusion of tarsals 2-4, metatarsals 2-4
Forcula
Clavicles fused to form forcula (wishbone); elastic arrangement to store energy so it takes less energy to pull the wing back
Coracoids in birds
Strut b/w shoulder and sternum to resist pull of pectorals and protect ribcage so breathing can occur in flight
Foramen triosseum
Scapula, coracoid, clavicle
Tendon of supracoracoideus runs through
Bird forearm
Smaller radius
Carpometacarpus = fusion of MC2/3 and distal carpals
Alula = digit 1, P1,2
Kidneys
Fish: mesonephric Amphibians: (pronephric) mesonephric Chelonians: metanephric but no LoH Squamates: metanephric but no LoH Birds: metanephric with LoH
Resp system
Fish: gills
Amphibians: buccal pump; multicameral lungs
Chelonians: rotate forelimb out; mulitcameral lungs
Squamates: unicameral
Birds:
