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Animal Biology > Vertebrate Evolutionary Biology > Flashcards

Vertebrate Evolutionary Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Apomorphy

A

Derived character

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2
Q

Homology

A

Characters from common ancestor or within an organism under common genetic regulation

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3
Q

Homoplasy

A

Independent evolution of character in two or more taxa

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4
Q

Monophyly

A

Common ancestor and all descendants

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5
Q

Paraphyly

A

Ancestor and some of its descendants

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6
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

“Primitive” character

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7
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Shared derived character

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8
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary relationships among species

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9
Q

Crown group

A

Clade starting with most recent common ancestor of 2+ extant species (can include extinct)

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10
Q

Stem group

A

Fossil sister tax on to a crown group e.g. Mammal like reptiles aren’t in crown mammalian

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11
Q

Oldest synapsids

A

Archaeothyris

Clepsydrops

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12
Q

Deuterostomia

A

Initial blastula unfolding forms anus

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13
Q

Chordata

A

Notochord
Nerve cord derived from ectoderm and dorsal to notochord
Post anal tail

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14
Q

Vertebrates

A 
Discrete brain 
2+ semicircular canals
Erythrocytes
Neural crest cells and derivatives 
Paired eyes
Nasal placodes
Midline fins
Vertebral elements dorsal or ventral to notochord
Lateral line system
Cartilaginous support for gills
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15
Q

Oldest vertebrate record

A

Haikouichthys ercaicunensis
Early Cambrian
Eyes, paired nasal sacs, optic capsules, vertebral elements

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16
Q

Cyclostomata

A

Myxini
Petromyzontiformes
(Not monophyletic)

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17
Q

Conodonts

A

Teeth like structures in stem gnathostomes

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18
Q

Crown gnathostome features

A

True teeth
Connection of palatoquadrate to brain case
Lower jaw suspended from braincase by hyomandibular element

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19
Q

Chondrichthyes

A 
Uniquely calcified cartilage
Specialised tooth growth and replacement
Claspers (modified pelvic fins) for internal fertilisation 
Micromeric dermal skeleton
Loss of swim bladder
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20
Q

Elasmobranchii

A

Sharks, skates, rays

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21
Q

Holocephalaii

A

Ratfishes

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22
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Dermal opercular bones
Dermal shoulder girdle bones
True endochondal bone
In skull, dermal maxilla, pre-maxilla and dentary

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23
Q

Actinopterygian groups

A

Polypterus
Chondrosteans
Amia and Lepisosteus (air breathing)
Teleosts

24
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

Single bone attached to pectoral and pelvic girdles - paired appendages

Actinistia = coelacanths (Latimeria)
Dipnoi = lungfishes
25
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Basic wrist bones and rays reminiscent of digits
Attached to massive shoulder with expanded scapular and corocoid elements, large muscular scars on ventral humerus, mobile distal joints
Muscular facets on wrist joint bones (could flex)
Spiracle on top of head (lungs and gills)
Robust rib cage to support weight and aid breathing
Earliest evidence of neck- pectoral girdle separated from skull (hunting)

26
Q

Stem tetrapods

A 
Eusthenopteron
Panderichthys
Tiktaalik
Acanthostega
Ichthyostega
27
Q

Amniotic egg

A

Chorion - gas exchange
Allantois - N waste
Amnion - protection
Yolk sac - food

28
Q

Ontogeny

A

Organism history from conception to somatic maturity

29
Q

Cleavage

A

First post fertilisation stage, cell division produced blastomeres and stops once blastula formed, with an internal hollow blastocoel
Amount of cleavage= amount of yolk

30
Q

Holoblastic cleavage

A

Entire zygote cleaved

Micro (Branchiostoma, eutheria) or mesolecithal (Lampreys, gar fishes, lissamphibians) yolk formed

31
Q

Meroblastic cleavage

A

Only a portion of zygote cleavage
Macrolecithal yolk
Elasmobranchs, teleosts

32
Q

Discoidal cleavage

A

Restricted to small cap on top of macrolecithal, undivided yolk
Reptiles, monotremes, some teleosts

33
Q

Neural crest

A 
Derived from ectoderm 
Unique to vertebrates
Delaminate ectodermal epithelium at neural folds during gastrulation 
High BMP, ectoderm --> epidermis
Snail TF products, delamination
34
Q

Cranial neural crest

A

Cartilages, bone, cranial neurones, glia, connective tissue of dermal skull
In pharyngeal arches, thymic cells, odonotoblasts

35
Q

Trunk neural crest

A

Anterior of somitic sclerotome, dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia
Later, melanocytes in ectoderm

36
Q

Vagal and sacral neural crest

A

Nervous system of gut

37
Q

Cardiac neural crest

A

Values of heart and connective tissue

38
Q

Paraxial mesoderm

A

Axial skeleton and muscles, back dermis, connective tissues

39
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm

A

Limbs, sternum, circulatory system, coelom lining, extra amniotic membranes

40
Q

Intermediate mesoderm

A

Kidneys, gonads

41
Q

Chordamesoderm

A

Notochord

42
Q

Clock and wavefront model

A

Morphogens expressed P–>A
Fgf8 expressed anteriorly –> Wnt3a –> Notch –> Hairyl –> segmentation

(Axin inhibiting Wnt3a loop, restarted by Fgf8 pulse)
(Notch –> Mesp2–>Lfringe, inhibits notch = clock)

Anterior Fgf8 expression edge = determination front

43
Q

Sclerotome derivatives

A

Vertebrae and dorsal ribs

44
Q

Myotome derivatives

A

Axial muscles

45
Q

Dermatome derivatives

A

Dermis on trunk

46
Q

Three major hard tissues

A

Cartilage
Intamembranous/dermal bone
Endochondral bone

47
Q

Cartilage formation

A

Chondrocytes concentrate and secrete ground substance, deposit collagen –> matrix (spaces for cells = lacunae)

Formed by mesoderm and neural crest

48
Q

Chondrichthyian cartilage

A

Tesserate structure, mineralised with calcium mineral complexes in honeycomb-like pattern on external surfaces

49
Q

Endochondral bone formation and structure

A

Derived from mesoderm and neural crest
Ossification = replacing cartilage
-periosteal bone deposited on outer surface, cartilage vascularised, chondrocytes hypertrophy and die
-osteoblasts deposited at centre of cartilage and chondroclasts erode it

Forms outer shell of layered laminar bone and core of spongy vascular bone
Layers in Haversian systems (concentric tubes)
Spongy core, tissue in trabeculae that align to resist main compression forces

50
Q

Dermal bone formation

A

Embryonic origin - ectoderm

Condensation &compaction of mesenchyme –> sheet-like membranes
Osteoblasts form and secrete ground substance, vascularisation
Calcium rich matrix replaces ground substance, internal osteocytes form
Repeated addition of new bone layers to matrix

51
Q

Skull skeletal components

A

Chondrocranium
Splanchnocranium
Dermatocranium

52
Q

Chondrocranium

A

Derived from mesoderm
Cartilage (chondrichthyians) or endochondral
Paired capsules for nose, ears, eyes supported by paired rods
Trabeculae at front, parachordal cartilages at back
In anterior ethmospenoid and posterior otooccipital elements (intracranial hinge between)

53
Q

Splanchnocranium

A

Derived from neural crest
Branchial, hyoid and mandibular arches
Mandibular: palatoquadrate forms upper jaw, Meckel’s cartilage lower jaw (chondrichthyians and stem gnathostomes)
Hyoid: links to chondrocranium via hyomandibula (also is basihyal and ceratohyal)
5 branchial arches: jointed basket, supports pharyngeal slits

54
Q

Splanchnocranium evolution

A

Cyclostome gill support
Stem Gnathostome and chondrichthyian primary jaw and jaw joints
Osteichthyians dermal bone replaces mandibular as tooth bearing element
Tetrapods branchial arches support throats and tongue musculature and trachea, hyomandibular –> stapes
Mammals, hyoid –> middle ear ossicles

55
Q

Dermatocranium

A

Derived from neural crest
Outer bony casing of skull and pectoral girdle
Skull roof, rostrum, lower jaw, palate, gular and opercular bones
Basal possessed extensive, reduction in osteichthyians (flexibility and space for musculature)

Animal Biology (2 decks)

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