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Animal Biology > Insects > Flashcards

Insects Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Apterygotes

A

Wingless

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2
Q

Procuticle

A

Forms exo and endocuticle
Chitin microfibrils in protein, water and lipid matrix - stiff fibres and soft matrix prevent cracks spreading
Fibrils orientate for mechanical properties (helicoidal or parallel)

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4
Q

Exopterygotes

A

Larvae and adults look similar, wings gradually develop

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5
Q

Discontinuous gas exchange

A

Cyclical spiracle opening and closing pattern so gas exchange is in bursts
-close, O2 decreases as it’s used so pressure decreases
-flutter and air in
-fluttering until CO2 builds up and they fully open
(decreases O2 and water loss)

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6
Q

Epicuticle

A

No chitin

Layer between wax layer/cuticulin and procuticle

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7
Q

Proventriculus

A

Muscular valve that controls passage of food into midgut

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8
Q

Koinobiont

A

Host alive so doesn’t need to be protected
Narrow host range
Derived

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9
Q

20-HE

A

Hormone involved in moulting that signals body size and nutrition state

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11
Q

Synchronous flight muscle

A

Neurogenic, 1 impulse = 1 contraction
Frequency up to 100Hz
Rapid Ca2+ release and uptake

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12
Q

Endopterygotes

A

Adult and larvae forms different
Pupal stage
Metamorphosis

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13
Q

Qualitative defences

A

In quick growing/pioneer plants
E.g. Toxins
Cheap, small amounts, effective against generalists

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14
Q

Apolysis

A

First moulting stage

Epidermal cells detach from cuticle and cells rapidly divide

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14
Q

Mandibles

A

Cutting, chewing

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15
Q

Labrum

A

Extension of the head and therefore not a true articulated appendage
Forms roof of mouth

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16
Q

Hyperparasitoid

A

Feeds on another parasitoids larva

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17
Q

Standing defence

A

Defence that is present all the time (incurs a cost if no parasitoids present to defend off)

18
Q

Labium

A

Derived from second pair of maxillae, fused together

Forms floor of mouth

19
Q

Young’ Modulus

A

Stress/Strain
=stiffness
e.g. High in extensor tibia, low in larvae

19
Q

Peritrophic membrane

A

Mesh like cuticular film lining midgut and separating food from midgut tissue and protecting the epithelium from abrasion and microorganisms

20
Q

N-acetyl-dopamine

A

Tanning agent, release triggered by bursicon

Activates cross linking enzyme

23
Q

Quantitative defences

A

In slow growing/long-lived plants
E.g. Tannins
Many produced, expensive, very effective but dosage dependent

24
Q

Resilin

A

Procuticle form
Returns 97% elastic energy
For rapid repeated moving because reduced heat and fatigue
Or as a power amplifier to replace muscles

24
Q

Nasoria Vitripennis

A

Son-killer biological agent, maternally inherited
Male eggs die because bacterium from mother kills it
(Males can’t pass on bacterium but females can do killing males frees up space for females so more bacteria passed on)

26
Q

Indirect flight muscles

A

Dorsal and longitudinal (length of thorax)

Contract –> thorax top arches up and dorsoventral muscles lengthen, pulling wings down

27
Q

Coevolution

A

Reciprocal evolutionary change in genes of one species in response to change in another

28
Q

Superparasitoid

A

Multiple parasitoids of same species on one larva

29
Q

Direct flight muscles

A

E.g. Dragonfly, locust
Contract when the dorsoventral muscles relax to pull wings down
Attached at wing base

30
Q

Actual defence

A

Defence triggered in response to parasitoids

31
Q

Idiobiont

A

Paralyses host, which is usually in a more protected situation
Wider host range

32
Q

Traumatic insemination

A

–> haemolymph and then makes it way to spermalege eg bedbugs

33
Q

Taenidia

A

Spiral thickenings that support spiracles and prevent them collapsing

33
Q

Maxillae

A

Holding/manipulating food

33
Q

Myrmecophytes

A

Tri-trophic ant plants

33
Q

Protandry

A

Males emerge first

35
Q

Asynchronous flight muscles

A

Myogenic
Frequency up to 1000Hz
Many contractions per impulse
Active when stretched by antagonist

36
Q

Sub social route

A

Overlap generations
Cooperative broodcare
Castes

37
Q

Parasocial wasp

A

Cooperative brood care
Reproductive castes
Overlap generations

38
Q

Only major insect clade that’s gone extinct

A

Palacodictyopyerida

Animal Biology (2 decks)

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