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Vertebrate Animal Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pre-lecture video of fish-1

A

Lamprey
Anadromous
Ammocete
Natal
Coho salmon
Parr

Pink salmon’s behavior & difficulties (beaker dam, waterfall, predators including people)
-redds
-reproduction: f-vent, m-milt, f-put small rocks on the bigger rocks
Smolt: the small salmon that first go into the river

Threespine stickleback: f-lay the eggs, m-sperm, take care of the nest and the baby fish

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2
Q

Phylogeny of the “fish”

A

Not monophyletic
There is no evolutionary group of fish

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3
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Common ancestor evolved coelom

-Coelom: Fluid-filled interior for their body & contain all their organs

Their synapomorphy 共源性状 is pharyngeal gill slits (function: respiration and feeding, human have too)

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4
Q

Chordata

A

Dorsal hollow nerve cord: nerve cross though, innervate the body, let electric signal through out the body

notochord:
-Rigid structure partially integrated into the nerve cord
-precursor of spinal
-not bone, not segmented, but long fluid-filled vesicles

muscular, post anal tail:
Function: locomotion
Often lost in evolution

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5
Q

Pharyngeal slits (pouches)

A

-Located on lateral surface of head
-Ancestral trait in deuterostomes
-Lost in echinoderms
-In vertebrates, pharyngeal tissue supported by arches

Can find the corresponding arches in human jaw and other structure

Function:
Filter feeding
Respiration in vertebrates
-water passes through
-O2 & CO2(get from water) exchange across gills

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6
Q

Gill-position

A

Located between slits, supported by arches

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7
Q

Vertebrates characteristics

A

axial skeleton:
-cranium
-vertebral column
-ribs

appendicular skeleton:
-pectoral girdle
-pelvic girdle

closed circulatory system:
-ventral heart

organs suspended in coelom

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8
Q
  1. Gill slits and gill arches
A

Pharyngeal slits = gill slits (only vertebrate, function same)

Bar between the slits = gill arches
-made of bone or cartilage
-gill filaments are on the gill arches

2 parts of gill arches:
1.gill raker-filter feeding
2.gill filaments-O2 exchange

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9
Q

Bony fishes

A

4 pairs of gill arches
Each arch has pairs of gill filaments
Gill cover-operculum

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10
Q

Gill filament structure

A

Thin, vascularized, high surface area

-Blood vessels flow through gill arches
-Capillary in gill filaments-gas exchange
-Filament epithelium is one cell thick(1-2 μm)
-Water & blood flow in opposing directions——countercurrent exchange

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11
Q

Definition and advantages of countercurrent exchange

A

Blood flows in opposite direction to water flow

Ensures partial pressure gradient——achieves maximum exchange of gases (gases in blood always have the lower concentration)

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12
Q
  1. Fish circulatory system
A

Close system
Arteries(away from heart)->arterioles->capillaries->venules(to heart)->veins

Heart & veins-ventral
Arterial-dorsal

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13
Q

Fish heart

A

-2 chambers
-Strong muscular pump
-Maintain blood flow
-one-way valves inside

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14
Q

Agnathostomes (7 features)

A

Jawless fishes

2 groups: Lampreys and hagfish

Characteristics:
-no jaws
-cartilaginous skeleton
-notochord present
-gill slits
-no paired fins
-no swim bladder
-no scales

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15
Q

Lamprey (Petromyzontoidea)

A

No jaw (oral disc)
Very distinct larval——ammocete
Adults of many species are parasitic on fishes
Have big impact on the ecosystem

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16
Q

Hagfish

A

Scavengers
Osmotic concentration same as sea water
Used for leather products
Knot tying
Mucous production(slime)

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17
Q

Jaws

A

Not present in early fishes and present agnathans(无颌类)

Formed by fusion of gill arches
Teeth evolved from scales in mouth
Greatly improved ability to feed and diverisify

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18
Q

Paired fins

A

Enable more active swimming
Used for steering, stabilizing, and lift

Pectoral fins
-human arm come from

Pelvic fins
-help stabilizing

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19
Q

Gnathostomes part 1

A

Sharks(high diversity, smallest 16cm, largest 18m), skate, rays
Mostly marine

Jaw
Paired fins
5-7 gill slit pairs
Scales
No swim bladder
Predators, scavengers, filter-feeders

Skates and Rays: some are predators, some are filter feeder

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20
Q

Gnathostomes part 2

A

Bony fishes
Largest vertebrate group

Jaws
Opercula
Paired fins
Scales
Swim bladder

2 groups:
Ray-finned fishes (teleosts)
Lobe-finned fishes (lungfish, coelacanths)

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21
Q

Swim bladder

A

Flotation device
Enables neutral buoyancy
Gas regulated swallowing air or by gland in bladder
Evolved into tetrapod lungs

Swallowing air, go through stomach and go into the bladder
Gland in bladder (counter current exchange, change the chemistry in blood and release oxygen into the swim bladder)

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22
Q

Ray-finned fishes

A

Have cartilaginous rays in their fins, these fishes are called actinopterygians.

Teleosts
Deep sea anglerfish:
use bio luminescent lures, pheromones
males are parasitic, bite on to the female, and they never let go, their bloodstream fuses with that of the female

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23
Q

Lungfish

A

6 species
“Walk on lobe-fins”
Breath through gills & primitive lungs
Estivate in mud during droughts

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24
Q

Coelacanths

A

Only 2 species are found now.
South Africa & Indonesian fish market

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25
Q

Reasons to move on land

A

Selective pressure: Drought ~400 mya——water became shallow, with low dissolved oxygen

  1. More oxygen on land
  2. Increased competition in water
  3. New food resources on land
  4. No vertebrate predators on land
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26
Q

Difference between land and water

A

Advantages:
More oxygen

Disadvantages:
-Availability of water- less moisture on land
-Less density on land- cannot float
-Stability of temperature- more stable in water
-amount of UV radiation- more UV radiation on land

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27
Q

Advantages of terrestrial respiration

A

-Air: higher concentration of oxygen

-Gases diffuse faster in air

External gills
Internal gills
Lungs
Tracheae

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28
Q

Lung evolution

A

Lung from lobe-finned fishes, evolve to guts, and finally lung

Why do we choke?
The pathway for food and the pathway for air have overlap area. Food sometimes can block the air pathway

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29
Q

Problems on land

A
  1. water needed to prevent desiccation
    • need to stay moist
    • most require water for fertilization & larval development
  2. air is less dense than water
    • require stronger skeletal support, muscles
    • require more energy, more O2 brought in & distributed
  3. air temperature is more variable
    • body temperature will fluctuate more
    • need to modify behavior or physiology
  4. UV radiation more intense on land
    • need physical protection or change behavior
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30
Q

Solution of the density problem

A

Evolve stronger limbs, vertebral column, ribs——hold your body

Tiktaalik

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31
Q

Early tetrapods

A

-Stronger limbs and girdles, vertebral column, ribs
-Tail used for balance, not swimming
-Lungs were primary respiratory organ
-External & internal nostrils (nares)

Lchthyostega

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32
Q

Circulatory system in fish and amphibians

A

Solution of require more energy, more oxygen

Fish: 2-chambered heart, single circuit citrculation

Amphibians
Positive pressure breathing:
3 chambered heart
Double circuit of blood flow
Advantages: blood under higher pressure, repressurize
Disadvantages: blood is mixed

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33
Q

Breathing mechanisms

A

Positive pressure breathing-Amphibians
Inhalation is 2 step process

1.Air is drawn into nostrils while mouth & glottis remain closed. Outer higher, gas go in.
2. Nostrils close, glottis opens and air forced into lungs. Mouth higher, lung lower.

Negative pressure breathing-Human
Boyle’s Law-volume increase, pressure decrease
Air go from high pressure to low pressure

Gases enter: volume of cavity increases, air pressure decreases, outer higher
Gases exit: volume of cavity decreases, air pressure increases, inner higher

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34
Q

Amphibians

A

~6000 species
First tetrapods
Fresh water & terrestrial (dependent on water)
Smooth, moist skin (glands)
Carnivores
Teeth

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35
Q

Two life stages

A

Larve: similar as fish
Gills
2-chambered heart
herbivorous
most undergo metamorphosis

Adults:
Lungs
3-chambered heart
Carnivores

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36
Q

Amphibian diversity

A

1.Salamanders (Urodela)
– some have internal fertilization – some never leave water

2.Frogs and toads (Anura)
– has the most species
– typically have loud courtship calls to females

  1. Caecilians (worm like, can be highly toxic, most time in water or underground, baby eat mom’s skin for nutrition)
    – have lost appendages (limbs)
    – internal fertilization

Newts:
-some are highly toxic
-Some region: co-evolution with Garter snake (resistant to the toxin), newts are really toxic
-other places: newts not that toxic, snakes cannot resist these toxin

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37
Q

Parental investment Strategies

A

2 extreme strategies:
1.Produce billions of offspring, provide no care, hope some will survive
2.Produce 1 offspring, care for it until maturity

Most amphibians provide little parental care to their young

38
Q

Reptiles in phylogeny

A

Reptiles, like fish, is not monophyletic.
Birds are not called reptiles, but actually they are in the same evolutionary group

39
Q

Features of Reptiles

A

Misnomer-fully terrestrial, because some species are living in the water except laying eggs

More efficient heart
Special nitrogenous waste
Amniotic egg

Skin is waterproofed(beta-keratin)
Only breath with lung

40
Q

More efficient heart and circulatory system

A

Fish: 2-chambers heart, single circuit

Amphibians: 3-chambers heart, 2 circuit allow re-pressurize blood
BUT single ventricle, mixing the deoxygenated and oxygenated blood

Reptiles: 3-chambers heart, 2 circuit(some have the 3rd circuit, to breath underwater, blood does not go to lung)
a septum between the 2 ventricles, partially divided heart
Crocodilians have fully divided ventricles: 4 -chambers heart

Birds and mammals: completely separate 2 circuit, 4-chambers heart
Human fetus also have shunts like reptiles

41
Q

Amniotic egg

A

Egg surrounded by extra-embryonic membranes
-Leathery or brittle (CaCO3)
-Permeable to gases & water, to allow gas exchange, the egg cannot be submerged
-not present in therian mammals

Egg structure:
Outside: Albumen-provide support
Several membranes:
-Allantois: contains waste
-Amnion:contains embryo
-Yolk sac: provide nutrients
-Chorion: allow gas exchange

42
Q

Consequences of a terrestrial egg

A

1.internal fertilization
shell & albumen are added to the fertilized egg in the female’s oviduct

2.non-toxic nitrogen waste product is required
uric acid

43
Q

Excretory Products

A

-Salts and ions
-Water
-Fecal matter(form digestive system)

Nitrogenous wastes:
Product of protein & DNA metabolism
Released by excretory organs(kidneys), skin and gills

-Ammonia(NH3):
Soluble in water, but toxic-need to convert to less toxic form
Things live in water

-Urea:
Soluble in water, medium toxicity
Less water needed for disposal
cartilaginous fish, most adult amphibians, mammals

-Uris acid
Insoluble in water, not toxic, little water need for disposal
Insect, reptiles, birds
Perfect for amniotic egg

44
Q

Vertebrate excretory organ

A

Kidney

Regulate levels of water and dissolved solutes in blood to form urine

blood go to glomerulus, forces out small molecule in to Bowman’s capsule, go down, capillaries suck the glucose and urea back

45
Q

Diversity of Reptiles

A

Lepidosauria-lizards and snakes
Tuataras
Testudinia-turtles
Crocodilia- alligators, crocodiles

46
Q

Non-avian Reptiles

A

~ 6,000 species
-mostly terrestrial
-carnivores, herbivores, omnivores
-dry skin, scales
-first amniotes

47
Q

Testudinia

A

Turtles and Tortoises

The dorsal and ventral bony plates form a shell. Dorsal shell is an expansion of the ribs.

Most are aquatic, some terrestrial. Sea turtles
come ashore to lay eggs.

48
Q

Crocodilia (aka Archosaurs)

A

Crocodilians: crocodiles, caimans, gharials, and alligators

-Spend much of their time in water (nest on land or floating piles of vegetation
-All are carnivorous

49
Q

Lepidosauria

A

Squamates: lizards and snakes
All skin covered with horny scales
gas exchange only through the lung

50
Q

Tuataras

A

Resemble lizards have several different characters; only two species survive, and now only one left

-nocturnal
-well-developed parietal eye: sensitive to light like another sense

51
Q

Squamate: lizards

A

Highly diverse
Some lost leg (limbs)
Gecko
Komodo dragon can gets to 3 m long

52
Q

Squamate: Amphisbaenia

A

limb girdles much reduced– no legs except in Bipes

• eyes are reduced, no ear opening
• scales fused into rings (annuli) encircling the body

53
Q

Squamate: snakes

A

no limbs
200+
highly kinetic skull-dislocate jaw
vomeronasal organ (in other organisms too)

54
Q

ancestor of birds

A

Shared features with dinosaur
• bipedal, 3 hind toes
• carnivorous
• 4-chambered heart
• similar lungs
• feathered
• hollow bones
• parental care of eggs and juveniles

Archaeopeteryx
Feathers & wings-bird characters
Teeth & bony tail-non-avian characters

55
Q

Birds (Aves)

A

Diverse ~9600 species
amniotes
Endothermic
4-chambered heart(completely separate circuit)
Feathers
Most fly
Diverse beak shows diverse diet

56
Q

Body temperature control——2 main groups

A

Ectotherms
Absorb heat from external environment

Endotherms
Generate our internal heat through metabolic processes
Less efficient at transforming energy (eg. convert food to ATP)

57
Q

Endotherm vs. Ectotherm
Homeotherm vs. Heterotherm

A

Endotherms (generate own heat, but not always keep body temperature constant)
Heterotherms (body temperature fluctuate)
Homeotherms (keep body temperature constant)
Ectotherms (rely on external heat)

58
Q

Thermoregulation Mechanisms

A
  1. behavioral
    • orientation relative to heat source, basking, huddling & varying contact with heat surface
    • moving locations throughout day

2.physiological
• too hot: increase blood flow to periphery, sweating, panting
• too cold: decrease blood flow to periphery, shiver

3.physical
• insulation (fur, feathers, fat)
• surface area: volume
• colour

59
Q
  1. Behavioral Thermoreagulation
A

Lizard’s microhabitats

Morning: bask on the rock
Middle of the day: go down to burrows to cool down
Although it is ectothermic but body temperature remain relatively constant

Penguins huddle

60
Q
  1. Physiological Thermoregulation
A

Example: human thermostat

negative feedback system in hypothalamus

– if temperature is too high: sweat – evaporative cooling
– if temperature is too low: shiver – generate metabolic heat

61
Q
  1. Physical Thermoregulation
A

Example: amount of fur, fat, surface area
Jack rabbit and arctic hare

62
Q
  1. Other thermoregulation techniques
A

Conter-current heat exchange
Brown adipose tissue

63
Q

Birds’ respiration system

A

Flying and endothermy need high amount of oxygen

Unidirectional flow of air through lungs
8-9 air sacs

Ventilation in birds:
-Breath 1: air breathe in to the posterior air sacs, as breathe out, air go into lung
-Breath 2: when breath in, air go into the anterior air sacs from lungs, as breathe out, air goes out

Birds exchange 100% of air in their lungs every time

64
Q

Evolution of flight

A

4 independent evolution of flight
Gliding is not fly, it’s due to convergent evolution

65
Q

Adaptations for flight (3)

A

1.Hollow bones
2.Sternum enlarged and keeled-increase surface area for attachment of large flight muscles
3.Feathers

66
Q

Feathers

A

Function: insulation, flight, sensory, lining nests

composed of beta-keratin, shows derived from scales, most birds have reptile-like skin on leg

67
Q

Ground-up or trees down?

A

Ground-up

Using wing to take off the ground for the ground reaction force off their feet which increases speed

At first, wings is using to improve speed and leaping

68
Q

Mammals’ 3 unique feature

A

1.hair
Insulation, camouflage, sensory and defense
Independent evolution of hair and feathers

2.sweat glands

  1. Mammary glands
    Milk production
69
Q

Synapsid

A

A traditional way to identify different groups
Mammals have a single hole in the skull, so that muscles can come through the jaw and then attach the skull

70
Q

Mammal evolution

A

Middle ear bone is derived from the skull (jaw part), and the bone in the jaw is derived from gill arches

71
Q

Ancient mammals

A

Mammals did not radiate until extinction of the “dinosaurs”, coexisted with “saurs”

Mammals who lived with “saurs” were not so wussy after all

Back to the Sea: multiple separate origins of extant marine mammals
Ambulocetus is the possible ancestor to whales or evolution cousin of whales. Ear(can hear under water) and teeth similar.

72
Q

The age of mammals

A

Cenozoic (66MYA to now)
Megatherium: herbivorous
Smilodon: saber-toothed cat

73
Q

Mammals’ other features

A

Endothermic
4 chambered heart
Advanced nervous system
Internal fertilization
Heterodonty-different teeth specialized for different tasks (unique feature for mammal)

74
Q

Mammal groups (3)

A

1.Prototherians
Lay egg, incubate egg until hatching

2.Marsupials
Pouched

3.Eutherians
Embryo retained in female reproductive tract

75
Q

Prototherians

A

Unique features:
1.Lay shell eggs
2.Have mammary glands (no nipples, young suck milk from fur)

Platypus-eastern Australia
use bill dig for prey (worms)
2-4 egg, hatch 8day, nurse 5 months
Only venomous mammal (spur on back leg)
Venomous: have toxin, inject to you; Poisonous: make you sick if eat it

Echidna
Fully terrestrial, lay external eggs, hatch 8 days, in pouch spines form ~3 weeks, live ~50 years
Sticky tongue

76
Q

Marsupials

A

-Viviparous, nurse with placenta
-Short gestation(birth after short internal development), long nursing period
-Newborns crawl over mother’s body to pouch, attach to nipple in pouch, until complete development

Kangaroo
Tasmanian devil
Possum
Tasmanian Tiger

Marsupial evolution: convergent evolution with other mammal

77
Q

Eutherians

A

94% of species
Viviparous
Embryo nourished by mother via placenta (amniotic egg remain in female’s reproductive tract)

Eutherians often referred to as placental animals but some marsupials have placentas

78
Q

Placenta

A

Organ formed by the embryo & mother after implantation

-formed by extraembryonic membranes & uterus lining of mother
-site of gas(O2, CO2), nutrient, waste(urea), hormones, and also other things(alcohol & drug) exchange between mother and embryo (small molecules move via diffusion)
-2 separate blood system, no mixing of blood cells or plasma
-produces hormones necessary to maintain pregnancy

79
Q

Primates

A
  • Arboreal ancestor
  • Grasping limbs with opposable thumb
  • Forward-facing eyes: depth perception
  • Big Cerebrum
  • Highly social: reduced brood size and extended parental care
80
Q

2 major groups of primats

A

Prosimians
Anthropoids

81
Q

Prosimians

A
  • Mostly arboreal & noctural
  • now just Madagascar (lemurs) & Africa/SE Asia

Tarsiers
- phylogenetic position uncertain, might paraphyletic with prosimians
- Among the smallest primates
- The only entirely carnivorous primate

82
Q

Anthropoids: New World vs. Old World

A

Prehensile tail: tail used to grasp and hold object
-not present in Old World monkeys, present in most New world monkeys

New World monkeys also have flat noses & tend to be arboreal

83
Q

Anthropoids 1: Gibbons, Orangutangs and African Apes

A

Lack tails

• Gibbons: smaller than other apes, mostly arboreal
• Orangutangs: too large to cross tree by the branches, must go down to the ground
• African Apes (incl. gorillas, chimpanzees, and hominids)

84
Q

Anthropoids 2: Ardipithecus—>Australopithecus

A

all extinct

Brains ~35% size of modern human brain
Lucy
Bipedalism evolved before brains fully evolved

85
Q

Anthropoids 3: Early Homo

A

Homo habilis
- in Africa, 2.5-1.5 MYA
- first tool use 2 MYA
- Shorter jaw, bigger brain

Homo erectus —“standing”
- first leave Africa (spread to Eurasia)
- first fire use
-1.6 MYA – 250,000 YA
- As large as modern humans, but
smaller brain, thick skull

86
Q

Anthropoids 3: Recent Homo

A

Homo neanderthalensis
• coexisted w/ H. sapiens
• disappeared ~30,000 YA, possibly due to extermination by H. sapiens
• short, stalky but powerful build
• similar brain size with H. sapiens, but less smart

Homo sapiens
• ~0.2 MYA also arose in Africa
• also spread out of Africa across Eurasia and to rest of world
• Larger brains than early species, favouring increasingly complex social life

87
Q

Mammalian Nervous System

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
88
Q

Cerebrum—Cerebral cortex

A

Enlarged in primates
2 hemisphere: Left control right, right control left

Cerebral cortex: top layer, rich in cell bodies, grooves and ridges increase surface area
- Frontal lobe: personality
- Temporal lobe: facial recognition, hearing
- Parietal lobe: language on the left, spatial and visual on the right
- Occipital lobe: vision center

89
Q

Other structures in brain

A

-Cerebellum: coordination of complex motor patterns

-Brain stem: information relay, autonomic control of heart, lungs, digestive system

-Diencephalon: control of homeostasis, information relay

90
Q

Lambic system-大脑边缘系统

A

Include amygdala (emotion center), hippocampus and nucleus accumbens

Responsible for basic physiological drives like hunger, thirst, emotions, long-term memory

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