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Plant Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Origin of photosynthesis

A

Cyanobacteria
Develop multicellularity and cell specialization
Great oxidation event

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2
Q

Evidence of endosymbiosis

A

Both psi and psii evolved in bacteria
Replicate by fission
Own protein, DNA, behave independently
Peptidoglycan cell wall
At least 2 membrane
Today evidence

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3
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

Common ancestor of plants comes from primary endosymbiosis

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4
Q

Phytoplankton

A

50% of global photosynthesis
Photosynthesis bacteria
Single cell photosynthetic eukaryotes

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5
Q

Brown alage

A

Not plant
Contain carotenoid
Thallus
Sexual asexual

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6
Q

Red algae

A

Carotenoid

Calcareous deposits in cell wall
Help build coral reefs, attract coral larvae, patch up broken coral, reinforce coral skeleton
Slow growing, vulnerable

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7
Q

Carotenoid function

A

Used in photosynthesis
Harvest blue light
UV protection

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8
Q

Viridiplantae

A

Green plant contain chloroplast

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9
Q

Green algae

A

Unicellular/multicellular species
Main primary producers in freshwater
Sexual/asexual
2.5by

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10
Q

Advantages move to land? Why hard?

A

Advantages:
Huge uncolonized land
Abundant light
Available CO2
Less herbivory

Challenges:
UV radiation
Dehydration
Dispersal
Gravity
Nutrients

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11
Q

Bryophytes

A

First land plant
No vascular tissue
No true roots
Grow in damp environment

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12
Q

Key innovations

A

Better Sunscreen:
UV absorbing compound(flavonoids, antrocyanins)

Cuticle: produced by epidermal cells

Reproduction:
spores in tough coat
Gametes in complex multicellular structure
Embryos retained on and nourished by the parent plant

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13
Q

Alternation of generation

A

Gametophyte phase dominant
Gametophyte, gametes, zygote

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14
Q

Gametophyte dominant lifecycle

A

Mature sporophyte2n,

meiosis, spores, developing gametophytes, mature, archegonia,

2n zygote, mitosis, developing sporophyte

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15
Q

Early Silurian landscape

A

Colonized by little mossy bryophyte like things, cannot grow very tall

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16
Q

Challenges on the nonvascular plants colonize land

A

Competition about space, light , water, and nutrients

To solve, they:
Colonized drier environment
Grow taller
Go deeper

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17
Q

The Mid Silurian landscape—key innovations: complexity

A
  • Branching: compete for light, better disperse
  • Branching allow different stems to specialized: some become root, others are still stems
  • Branching cause Modularity: the difference between plants and animal

Earliest plants could not branch(or grow very tall), and also only green stems with no leaves

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18
Q

The Mid Silurian landscape—key innovations: dry

A

Stomata: most on the bottom of the leaf cuz less evaporation
Cuticle reduces water loos but also prevent CO2 enter plants

Stoma: opening pore with specialized guar cells that control the open and close of the stomata. Stomata allow gas exchange and prevent water loss

Cuticle and stomata evolved together, and stomata enable evolution of full cuticle

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19
Q

Key innovation: vascular tissue

A

Solve the problem of being tall : vascular tissue specialized reinforced conductive tissue

Transport and support
Earliest: thickened conducting cells

Xylem: primary wall with cellulose, lignin reinforce the cell(secondary wall), later increase structural support.

Tendency is to increasing differentiation, tissues are more specialized and have more structural support

20
Q

The Mid Silurian landscape—key innovations: deeper

A

Roots
Nutrient & water acquisition, support, interface with symbionts (Mycorrhizal fungi)

21
Q

Devonian

A

Plants start to grow taller and have branches
In late Devonian, have first tree like plants: Gilboa trees
Do not have very specialized structure, no leaves, vasculature tissue allowed it to get taller but no true wood

22
Q

Trends in life cycle in the evolution to land

A

Nonvascular plants: sporophyte small, short lived, depends on gametophyte for nutrition
• Gametophyte-dominantlifecycle

Vascular seedless plants: sporophyte is much larger
& longer lived than gametophyte
• Sporophyte-dominantlifecycle

Seed plants: Gametophytes are microscopic

23
Q

Advantages of being 2n

A
  1. 2 copy from both parents, increase the potential expression of trait to adapt to different environment
  2. 2 copy prevent direct express of a deleterious mutation
24
Q

Vascular seedless plants nowadays

A

Ferns, clubmosses, horsetails

  • vascular tissue
  • complex leaves and roots
  • sporophyte-dominated life cycle
  • disperse via spores
25
Q

Sporophyte-dominant life cycle

A

Spores(n)—mitosis—gametophyte(n)—mitosis—mature gametophytes—egg/sperms—fertilization—zygote (2n)—sporophyte(2n)—mature sporophyte(2n)—meiosis—spores

26
Q

Fern

A

Hybridization play a major role in fern evolution

Today:
Roots similar to seed plants
Leaves produce spores
25-30% ferns live on other plants
Bioremediation: ferns can bioaccumulate heavy metals in their leaves

27
Q

Allies, extant

A

Extant: not extinct

28
Q

Environmental variation plants need to deal with

A

Light and UV
Water (drought and flood)
Temperature (high, low, variable)
Ice
Wind
Nutrient availability
Salt
Metals
Herbivores
Pathogens

29
Q

Seed plants—key innovation

A

Include both gymnosperms and angiosperms
Innovations: woods, seeds, and pollen
Woods: building strength and get big & tall

30
Q

Carboniferous forests

A

Why they can make up today’s coal bed, didn’t decay?

Lignin evolve before the evolve of the organisms can breakdown the lignin

31
Q

The rise of trees

A

Tree: Single stem &branching &canopy
Stricter definition of tree: has wood and increases in girth干围

“Tree” is not a single taxonomic group—all are seed plant but not all seed plants are trees

32
Q

Key innovation: wood

A

Vascular cambium
Produce new xylem tissue and phloem tissue,
Xylem: move water/nutrients up, phloem: moves sugars up and down
Live and dead xylem accumulate to form wood

Build support(girth) as they build height

Larvae eat phloem and xylem can kill the tree cuz this will blocking the transport of fixed carbon from the leaves to all of the other tissues in the plant

33
Q

Key innovation: heterospory

A

Spores are different size
Small: microspores go onto become pollen
Big: megaspores go onto ovule with egg, not exposed to air, desiccation resistant, male gametophyte has to burrow to access female gametophyte

34
Q

Key innovation: pollen

A

Spores evolve into pollen grains
• Tiny male gametophyte(2 to 3 cells)in tough coat
• Germinates->pollen tube
• Sperm cells swim down pollen tube to ovule

Pollen grain allowed efficient reproduction in dry habitats
•Can be exposed to air for long periods without drying out
• Carried to female gametophyte by wind or animals

35
Q

Key innovation: seeds

A

Fertilized ovule—seed
Outer tissue becomes the protective seed coat
Seed grows and is provisioned提供 with energy by the mother plant (but no fruit!)
Cones open when seeds are mature to release for dispersal

36
Q

Gymnosperm lifecycle

A

See slides
Gymnosperm: naked seed, include conifers, no fruit and flower

37
Q

Gymnosperms today:

A

Cycads:
-Slow growing and long lived (up to 1000 yr)
-Large part of diet of some herbivorous dinosaurs
- Separate male & female plants: cones either produce pollen (male) or ovules (female)
- Still have motile sperm

Ginkgos:
Closest living relaDve is a cycad!
“Living fossil”
Only 1 extant species (wild but endangered in China, grown globally)
All other relatives (same order) are extinct! Been alone for 3+ million years
Only seed

Conifers:
Most diverse group of extant gymnosperm
All are woody and cone-bearing, most are tree
Dominate world’s largest forest biome
Pine: cold—thick bark厚树皮, cones shelter seed/snow—cone shaped, down-facing and flexible branches/dry—thin waxy needles, dense to reduce wind

38
Q

Trees today

A

Cool down the city(urban heat island effect), but need to be more than 40%
Make temperature increase because give dark color on snow to absorb heat

39
Q

Angiosperm radiation

A

when one lineage produces an unusually large number of descendant species adapted to many habitats

Associated with 3 key adaptations:
1. More efficient xylem
2.flowers
3.fruits
Enable angiosperms to transport water, pollen & seeds efficiently
Flowers associated with speciation. hardest step of speciation=reproductive isolation, flowers directly involved in mating and mate-choice

40
Q

Flowers

A

Contain the reproductive organs: female parts (carpel), male parts (stamen), or both

• ♀: ovules develop in the ovary
• ♂: pollen grains develop in the anther

Later, plants enclosed carpels & stamens in petals which evolved from leaves
Highly diverse

41
Q

Pollination

A

Pollen transfer from another to compatible, receptive stigma

Outcross pollination=pollen & stigma on different plants
Pollen land on wrong stigma is wasted, therefore have adaptations improve the chances of getting on the right pollen grains
About 80% of angiosperms use animal pollinators

42
Q

Adaptive significance of floral traits

A

Floral traits can:
• attract good pollinators
• deter non-pollinating visitors
• manipulate visitor behaviour to maximize pollen transfer

Almost any floral trait can affect pollination, including:
• Colour
• Scent
• Shape
• Markings (including UV-visible)
• Position
• Pollinator rewards (nectar, heat)
• Flowering time (day, night, season)

Simple changes in flowers can lead to pollinator shifts

43
Q

Angiosperm Radiation: fruits

A

After fertilization ovary tissue ripens—fruit

Most seed-dispersal structures develop from overly wall and/or ovary tissue

Protect developing seed
Seed dispersal

44
Q

Seed dispersal—fruit

A

Not all fruits are meant to be eaten
Can dispersal by:
-Wind
-Animal fur
-Explosion
-Water

But some are meant to be eaten:
Animal eats fruit, seeds pass through gut, pooped out in new place
Or hidden and forgotten (squirrels)

45
Q

Groups of angiosperms

A

Monocots & dicots

Monocotyledons (all grasses, corn, wheat, sugarcane, oats, rice), have lost some features like wordiness

Dicotyledons(bigger plants, everything else, including major food crops)

Monocots monophyletic, dicots paraphyletic, monocots evolved from dicots

46
Q

Incredible modularity of angiosperm radiation

A
  • Plants produce multiples of most morphological structures, that can take each other’s place
  • Can create vastly different structures with the same tissue or analogous structures via different pathways/tissues
  • Especially notable in angiosperms
  • Allow huge flexibility for individuals and evolutionary lineages

Bio (8 decks)

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