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Spinal Anatomy > Vertebral Column/Spinal Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column/Spinal Column Flashcards

1
Q

The vertebral column consists of these individual bony segments

A

Vertebrae

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2
Q

In adolescents there are ____ vertebrae segments

A

33

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3
Q

In ADULTS there are ____vertebrae segments

A

26

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4
Q

What makes up the 26 vertebrae segments in adults?

A

1) 24 presacral vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar)
2) 5 fused segments of the sacrum
3) 4 fused segments of the coccyx

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5
Q

Three divisions of the PRESACRAL region/SPINE

A

1) cervical (7)
2) thoracic (12)
3) lumbar/dorsal (5)

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6
Q

Another name for the lumbar vertebrae

A

Dorsal

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7
Q

This region consists of vertebrae forming the NECK. Contains a total of 7 segments. Considered part of the presacral region.

A

Cervical region

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8
Q

2-MA-3

A
  • two-toed sloth–(6 segments)
  • Manatee–(6 segments)
  • Ant bear–(8 segments)
  • three-toed sloth–(9 segments)
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9
Q

This region consists of 12 segments. It means ‘breastplate’ or ‘chest’ and dorsal refers to the back or posterior. Considered part of the Presacral region.

A

Thoracic region

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10
Q

This region means “loin” and includes the region between the HIP and the RIB (5 TOTAL segments are typically identified). Considered part of the Presacral region.

A

Lumbar region

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11
Q

This region has a connotation with “divine.” It is considered the holy bone of spinal column. Made up of 5 FUSED segments. Important region during child birth

A

Sacrum

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12
Q

This region means “cuckoo’s bill or beak.” Does NOT start ossifying until age 20

A

Coccyx

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13
Q

There can be variation in the number of segments found in the _____ and _____ vertebrae.

A

Thoracic and lumbar

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14
Q

The____spine is the MOST numerically STABLE region of the vertebral column.

A

Cervical

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15
Q

The variation in segment number and morphology becomes clinically significant when the Chiropractor has to do this.

A

1) record the site of radiological abnormality OR

2) Identify the specific subluxated segment with palpation

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16
Q

The spinal column accounts for _____% of the total body HEIGHT.

A

40%

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17
Q

Only about ____% of the population demonstrates all the characteristics for each segment of each region as described in the textbooks. (Many morphologies)

A

30%

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18
Q

A typical MALE spinal column is about _____cm long

A

70 cm (27.5-28.75 inches)

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19
Q

A typical FEMALE spinal column is about _____cm to ___inches long.

A

60 cm (24.5-25.75 inches)

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20
Q

Generally MALE vertebral column is _____inches LONGER than the female vertebral column.

A

3 inches

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21
Q

Veterbral column at the Cervical region is ____cm or ____inches long

A

12 cm (5 inches)

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22
Q

Vertebral column at the Thoracic region is ___cm or ___inches long.

A

28 cm (11 inches)

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23
Q

Vertebral column at the Lumbar region is ___cm or ___inches long.

A

18 cm (7 inches)

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24
Q

Vertebral column at the Sacral region is___cm or ___Inches long

A

12 cm (5 inches)

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25
Q

______length appears to be PRIMARILY responsible for HEIGHT variations in the vertebral column.

A

Femoral

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26
Q

Functions of the Vertebral column

A

1) Protection
2) Support
3) Skeletal formation of costae (ribs)
4) Weight-bearing transfer (S1-S3)
5) Muscle and ligament attachments for locomotion
6) Shape and position (relationship between vertebral body height and intervertebral disc height)
7) Resiliency (facilitates movement and compensates for tension, torsion, compression, and shear forces)
8) Transmission from and to the CNS
9) Eye and Vestibular apparatus of inner ear require a horizontal axis for optimum function and muscles attached to upper cervical segments help accomplish minute postural changes for maintaining an erect head position
10) Stabilization of visceral function requires neural control and the integrity of the spinal column enhances this.

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27
Q

During the SECOND week in utero the__________ is present and a 2-layered embryo has formed.

A

Embryonic disc

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28
Q

During the THIRD week in utero, this process occurs and a 3-layered embryo is formed.

A

Gastrulation

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29
Q

The OUTER layer of the embryo

A

Ectoderm

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30
Q

The MIDDLE layer of the embryo

A

Mesoderm

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31
Q

The INNER layer of the embryo

A

Endoderm

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32
Q

Invagination of the ECTODERM along the PRIMITIVE streak as early as the 16th day (but by the 22nd day) gives rise to this structure

A

Notochord

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33
Q

The MESODERM layer LATERAL to the notochord differentiates into this type of mesoderm

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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34
Q

Paraxial mesoderm will give rise to ____________

A

Vertebral column

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35
Q

Paried cuboidal masses formed from paraxial mesoderm that divide into 3 areas (sclerotome, myotome, dermatome)

A

Somites

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36
Q

This somite area will give rise to the vertebral column

A

Sclerotome (hard cut)

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37
Q

This somite area will give rise to vertebral muscles

A

Myotome (muscle cut)

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38
Q

This somite area will form the skin

A

Dermatome (skin cut)

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39
Q

Migration of the SCLEROTOME marks the beginning of THREE successive vertebral columns

A

1) membranous
2) cartilagenous
3) skeletal or osseous

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40
Q

In the membranous vertebral column, as early as the 22nd day in utero, the sclerotomes from somites migrate to surround the notochord and form this structure

A

Perichordal blastema

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41
Q

In the membranous vertebral column cells from the sclerotome proliferate and migrate POSTERIOR along the sides of the neural tube to form these structures

A

Neural processes

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42
Q

In the membranous vertebral column, cells from the sclerotome proliferate and migrate LATERALLY to form these structures

A

Costal processes

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43
Q

The position of the blood vessels in the membranous vertebral column is ______

A

Intersegmental

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44
Q

Proliferation within the CAUDAL part of the perichordal blastema (membranous vertebral column) results in the appearance of these TWO structures

A

1) dense caudal sclerotomite

2) loose cranial sclerotomite

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45
Q

This structure is found between the dense caudal and loose cranial sclerotomites of a single perichordal blastema in the membranous vertebral column

A

Intrasclerotomal fissue (fissue of von Ebner)

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46
Q

Dark region created by the cell density on both sides of the intrasclerotomal fissure in the membranous vertebral column

A

Perichordal disc

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47
Q

The perichordal disc identifies the location of this structure

A

Future intervertebral disc

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48
Q

From adjacent perichordal blastema this structure of the UPPER blastema migrates CAUDALLY (in membranous vertebral column)

A

Dense caudal sclerotomite

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49
Q

From the adjacent perichordal blastema this structure of the LOWER blastema migrates CRANIALLY (in membranous vertebral column)

A

Loose cranial sclerotomite

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50
Q

The two sclerotomites (loose cranial and dense caudal) UNITE and the cell density within this united structure becomes more homogeneous and forms this structure (in membranous)

A

Vertebral blastema

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51
Q

The position of adult vertebra will be approximately __________ somite off when compared with original somite locations

A

One-half

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52
Q

In the membranous vertebral column when the intersegmental artery is placed in the MIDDLE of the vertebral blastema

A

Segmental artery

53
Q

From the 6th embryonic week the membranous vertebral blastema undergoes the process of becoming cartilage

A

Chondrification

54
Q

The replacement of mesoderm by cartilage begins in the region and proceeds CAUDALLY

A

Cervical region

55
Q

By the _____ week the neural tube is enclosed in cartilaginous vertebrae

A

12th embryonic week

56
Q

In what embryonic week does the membranous vertebral blastema undergo chondrification

A

6th embryonic week

57
Q

When do the somites start to migrate to surround the notochord

A

22nd day in utero

58
Q

Centers for chondrification are _____

A

Paired

59
Q

The 6 pairs of centers for chondrification in cartilaginous vertebral column

A

1) one pair for centrum
2) one pair for neural arches
3) one pair for transverse processes

60
Q

Cartilage is replaced by bone beginning during this embryonic week

A

7th embryonic week

61
Q

Ossification will continue AFTER birth until at least this age

A

25

62
Q

Bone formation begins in these TWO regions

A

1) lower cervicals

2) upper thoracics

63
Q

These centers of ossification arise BEFORE birth

A

Primary centers

64
Q

These centers of ossification arise AFTER birth (between birth and puberty)

A

Secondary centers

65
Q

In a SINGLE vertebrae there are ______ ossification centers

A

1) 3 primary centers

2) 5 secondary centers

66
Q

The_____ centers of ossification arise in the regions of the cartilage template that will form the adult vertebral body and vertebral arch

A

3 PRIMARY

67
Q

In the fetus the body and vertebral arch are known as…

A

1) centrum

2) neural arch

68
Q

The primary centers of ossification grow toward one another within the cartilage template and the cartilage DECREASES in size to form this structure in the skeletal vertebral column

A

Cartilage synchondrosis joint (amphiarthrosis synchondrosis)

69
Q

In developing vertebrae these synchondroses are formed between the centrum center for ossification and the neural arch center for ossification on each side.

A

Neurocentral synchondrosis

70
Q

A synchondrosis is formed between the neural arch centers of ossification at the back of the vertebra

A

Neural arch synchondrosis

71
Q

The ____ centers for ossification appear in the vertebral body and apophyseal processes of the adult vertebra

A

5 secondary centers

72
Q

The apophyseal processes of the adult vertebra

A

1) tip of the transverse process
2) tip of the spinous process
3) epiphyseal plate regions of the vertebral body

73
Q

Synchondroses of the secondary centers include

A

1) epiphyseal ring synchondrosis
2) tip of transverse process synchondrosis
3) tip of spinous process synchondrosis

74
Q

These centers arise during puberty (11-16) and fuse to the rest of the vertebra by age 25

A

Secondary centers

75
Q

With the exception of C1 all the vertebrae have this major bony mass

A

Vertebral body

76
Q

Each segment increases in size from ______ to _____

A

C2 to S1

77
Q

The shape of the vertebral body is generally _____ in the cervical region

A

Rectangular

78
Q

The shape of the vertebral body is generally____ in the thoracic region

A

Triangular

79
Q

The shape of the vertebral body is generally____ in the lumbar region

A

Reniform (kidney-shaped)

80
Q

The top surface of the vertebral body with a peripheral ring of compact bone

A

Superior epiphyseal rim

81
Q

The inside of the compact bony rim of the vertebral body

A

Spongy or compact bone

82
Q

The bottom surface of the vertebral body with a peripheral ring of compact bone

A

Inferior epiphyseal rim

83
Q

These are found around the circumference of the vertebral body and are small openings where blood vessels penetrate through the cartilaginous template. The arteries supply the compact and marrow cavity through these holes.

A

Nutrient or vascular foramina

84
Q

This is a large opening found at the back of the vertebral body where the basivertebral vein exits the marrow cavity.

A

Basivertebral venous foramina

85
Q

This is the semicircular bony region connected to the posterior surface of the vertebral body

A

Vertebral arch

86
Q

The ANTERIOR part of the vertebral arch attached to the vertebral body

A

Pedicle

87
Q

The part of the vertebral arch between the pedicle and lamina that serves as the attaching site for the transverse process and the articular processes

A

Lamina-pedicle junction

88
Q

The part of the vertebral arch that UNITES the midline and serves to anchor the spinous process

A

Lamina

89
Q

This Pedicle arise from the ________ of the posterolateral margin of the CERVICAL vertebral body

A

Middle

90
Q

In the THORACICS and LUMBARS the Pedicle arises from the ______ of the posterolateral margin of the vertebral body

A

Upper third to half

91
Q

Small concave indentations or scallops appear on the upper and lower margins of the pedicles

A

Superior and inferior vertebral notches/incisures

92
Q

This is created between the pedicles when TWO segments are united in a vertebral couple or motion segment

A

Intervertebral foramen

93
Q

The UPPER boundary of the intervertebral foramen is formed by the ______ of the pedicle above

A

Inferior vertebral notch

94
Q

The LOWER boundary of the intervertebral foramen is formed by ________ of the lower pedicle

A

Superior vertebral notch

95
Q

Cervical Pedicles are more ____ from the vertebral body

A

PosteroLATERALLY

96
Q

Thoracic and lumbar pedicles are primarily directed toward the_____ of the vertebral body due to the growth of the spinal cord

A

Posterior

97
Q

The laminae are directed _____ and ______ where they unite to complete the vertebral arch

A

Posterior and Median

98
Q

The lamina of the two vertebrae appear to OVERLAP on a A-P x-ray and this condition of overlap is known as

A

Shingling

99
Q

This is the primary ligament of the lamina and serves to attach the laminae of a vertebral couple together.

A

Ligamentum flavum

100
Q

Occasionally the ligamentum flavum can ossify at the site of attachment to form spike-like projections. This would be an example of accessory bone formation

A

Para-articular processes

101
Q

This region is best observed from the back or side of the vertebral arch and it is the area between the lamina and the pedicle

A

Lamina-pedicle junction

102
Q

The lamina-pedicle junction is called what in the cervicals?

A

Articular pillar

103
Q

In the thoracic region the lamina-pedicle junction area is between the articular processes (superior and inferior) and the origin of the transverse processes. What is this region called?

A

Pars-interarticularis

104
Q

In the lumbar region, the lamina-pedicle junction are is slightly elevated between the articular processes to form a slight ridge. What is this region called?

A

Pars-interarticularis

105
Q

The area where the lamina are fused which provides an area of attachment for the spinous processes.

A

Spino-laminar junction

106
Q

The Spino-lateral junction is clinically significant when taking a ______x-ray because the laminae become SUPERIMPOSED on each other on the film creating a GREATER density (whiter image) on the x-ray. The spinous process will appear darker (grayer)

A

Lateral

107
Q

The Spino-lateral junction is visualized on x-rays because of this…

A

Contrasting bone densities

108
Q

These are tubular bone growths that radiate from the vertebral arch into the transverse, vertical, and posterior planes

A

Apophyses

109
Q

Apophyses in the transverse plane are known as…

A

Transverse processes

110
Q

Apophyses in the VERTICAL plane are known as…

A

Articular processes

111
Q

Apophyses in the POSTERIOR plane are known as…

A

Spinous processes

112
Q

In the CERVICAL region the transverse processes are angled _________ from midline

A

ANTEROLATERALLY and 60 degrees

113
Q

In the THORACIC region the transverse processes are gradually forced____ by the pressure generated against the ribs from within the thoracic cavity as a result of ______ development

A

BACKWARD, Lung development

114
Q

In the LUMBAR region, the transverse processes are directed…

A

Straight Laterally

115
Q

The tip of each transverse process is slightly enlarged to form this structure

A

Transverse tubercle

116
Q

This is the ANTERIOR part of the transverse process in the cervical, lumbar and sacral regions

A

Costal elembent

117
Q

Each articular process (inferior and superior) provides the bony support for a surface for this type of articulation

A

Synovial joint articulation

118
Q

The articular processes form these regions or surfaces

A

Facets

119
Q

This bears the Superior articular facet

A

Superior articular process

120
Q

This bears the inferior articular facet

A

Inferior articular process

121
Q

The synovial joint formed by the facets of the vertebral couple

A

Zygapophysis

122
Q

This is a union or yoke of tubular bone growth regions

A

Zygapophysis

123
Q

Each Zygapophysis is angled from this plane

A

Coronal

124
Q

This lies in FRONT of the joint space and may be referred to as the PRE-Zygapophysis

A

Superior articular process

125
Q

This lies BEHIND the joint space and may be referred to as the POST-Zygapophysis

A

Inferior articular process

126
Q

The ANTERIOR boundaries of the Intervertebral foramen

A

1) Vertebral body of the vertebra ABOVE
2) Vertebral body of the vertebra BELOW
3) Intervertebral disc
4) Posterior longitudinal ligament

127
Q

The POSTERIOR boundaries of the Intervertebral foramen

A

1) POSTzygapophysis of the vertebra ABOVE
2) PREzygapophysis of the vertebra BELOW
3) Capsular ligament of the Zygapophysis
4) Ligamentum flavum

128
Q

SUPERIOR boundary of the IVF

A

Inferior vertebral notch

129
Q

INFERIOR boundary of the IVF

A

Superior vertebral notch

Spinal Anatomy (4 decks)

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