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Spinal Anatomy > Osteology: Study of Bone > Flashcards

Osteology: Study of Bone Flashcards

1
Q

The FOUR basic tissue types

A

1) Epithelial
2) Neural
3) Connective
4) Muscular

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2
Q

These are the bone-FORMING cells

A

Osteoblasts

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3
Q

These are the bone-NURTURING cells

A

Osteocytes

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4
Q

These are the bone-REMODELING cells

A

Osteoclasts

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5
Q

Cells are surrounded by or embedded in this fluid filled material

A

Matrix

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6
Q

Bones cells are embedded or surrounded by this type of matrix

A

Amorphous matrix

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7
Q

An amorphous matrix consists of the following substances

A

1) ground substance
2) collagen fibers
3) various minerals

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8
Q

This substance is rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAG’S) which includes chondroitan sulfate, keratin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid

A

Ground substance

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9
Q

These molecules are linear, non-branching, repeating disaccharide units. They are mainly found in the ground substance of bone.

A

Glycosaminoglycan’s (GAG’S)

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10
Q

These GAG’s are primarily found in bone

A

1) Chondroitin sulfate
2) Keratin sulfate
3) Hyaluronic acid

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11
Q

These are formed from the protein collagen and are located in the ground substance. These molecular units bond together in a linear sequence to form a fiber.

A

Collagen fibers

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12
Q

The primary type of collagen fiber found in bone

A

Type I collagen

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13
Q

Various chemical groups make up this INORGANIC part of the bone

A

Bone mineral

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14
Q

These molecules are stored in the matrix and serve to provide the RIGIDITY for bone

A

Calcium phosphate
Citrate
Carbonate ions

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15
Q

The MOST common deposit in bone that is a form of calcium phosphate.

A

Hydroxyapatite

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16
Q

Other mineral and chemical deposits in bone

A

1) Sodium
2) Magnesium
3) fluoride ions
4) lead (cation)
5) strontium (cation)
6) radium (cation)

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17
Q

States that bone will RESPOND to stressors. A bone will be deposited when and where it is needed and it will be resorbed when and where it is not needed.

A

Wolff’s Law

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18
Q

“Living bone” describes the ability of bone to….

A

1) HEAL
2) REMODEL (under stressors as diverse as anxiety, tension or pressure
3) AGE

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19
Q

Bone is embryologically derived from one of two CONNECTIVE tissue types

A

1) Mesenchyme (intramembranous)

2) Cartilage (endochondral)

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20
Q

Mesenchyme and cartilage will convert to osteoblast-like cells during this time period

A

2nd to 5th month IN utero

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21
Q

This is when the bone forms within the primitive connective tissue or MESENCHYME. Characteristic of most bones of the SKULL and part of the CLAVICLE

A

Intramembranous ossification

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22
Q

Intramembranous ossification occurs during this time period

A

2nd to 3rd month IN utero

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23
Q

Bones that undergo INTRAMEMBRANOUS ossification (from mesenchyme)

A

1) Nasal
2) Palatine
3) Vomer
4) Lacrimal
5) Zygomatic
6) Maxilla
7) Frontal
8) Parietal
9) Most of the mandible and clavicle
10) Squama of temporal and occipital bones
11) greater wing of sphenoid

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24
Q

This is when bone develops within CARTILAGE. Characteristic of the remaining bones of the skull and the rest of the skeleton (everything else)

A

Endochondral ossification

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25
Q

Endochondral ossification occurs during this time period

A

2nd to 5th month IN utero

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26
Q

Centers for ossification in the SKULL in CARTILAGE template

A

Chondrocranium

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27
Q

Bones derived from the CHONDROCRANIUM

A

1) inferior nasal concha
2) ethmoid
3) sphenoid
4) part of mandible
5) Temporal and occipital bones

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28
Q

Centers of ossification within cartilage that occur BEFORE birth

A

Primary centers of ossification

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29
Q

Centers of ossification within cartilage that occur AFTER birth

A

Secondary centers of ossification

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30
Q

Solid, dense bone that covers the EXTERIOR of all bones forming the skeleton

A

Compact (cortical) bone

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31
Q

Bone that makes up the INTERIOR of all bones forming the skeleton

A

Spongy (cancellous, trabecular) bone

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32
Q

A space that exists within the interior bony framework (Spongy bone)

A

Marrow cavity

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33
Q

When one bone articulates with another bone in a fluid-filled joint, the compact bone is covered by this type of cartilage

A

Subchondral bone

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34
Q

Thin layer of cells and fibers that covers the NON-articular surface of any bone

A

Periosteum

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35
Q

Internal fibro-cellular layer lining the Spongy bone

A

Endosteum

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36
Q

There is a great deal of _________ in bone that accounts for the disparity in size, appearance, and or shape of individual bones. There are 4 general types of this

A

Variability

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37
Q

This is GENDER variation that has inherent differences between the same bone in males and females

A

Sexual dimorphism

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38
Q

GROWTH or age variation. Bone will differ based on the AGE of the individual

A

Ontogenetic variation

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39
Q

Ethnic background. The location of origin, select community of origin, or the ethnic (racial) background influence the bone variation

A

Geographic or population-based variation

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40
Q

Individual variation. These are differences between individuals of the same sex, age, and geographic population differences are evident. There are no true identical persons

A

Idiosyncratic variation

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41
Q

Bone classification in which the length of the bone is GREATER than the breadth

A

Long bones

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42
Q

This bone consists of a DIAPHYSIS and two EPIPHYSES

A

Long bones

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43
Q

Name of the shaft of long bones

A

Diaphysis

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44
Q

Two ends of the shaft of long bones

A

Epiphyses

45
Q

Examples of these types of bones are the bones of the EXTREMITIES (not carpus or tarsus)

A

Long bones

46
Q

Bone classification in which the appearance of outside of the bone is CUBOIDAL. Found in the carpus (NOT pisiform) and in the tarsus.

A

Short bones

47
Q

Bone classification in which the appearance is characterized by a THIN layer of SPONGY bone sandwiched between two layers of COMPACT bone.

A

Flat bones

48
Q

ONLY skull bone that is singularly a flat bone

A

Parietal bone

49
Q

The SPONGY bone of flat bones in the SKULL

A

Diploe

50
Q

Other examples of FLAT bones

A

Sternum and blade of scapula

51
Q

Bone classification in which there are numerous projections or irregular outlines. All remaining skull bones, vertebrae, and innominate (hip) bones are examples of these.

A

Irregular bones

52
Q

Bone classification that is typically associated with paranasal sinuses of the same name: frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, and sphenoid bones. (Have air spaces that help with weight distribution)

A

Paranasal/Pneumatic bones

53
Q

The temporal bone exhibits small air spaces in the mastoid process and are examples of this type of bone

A

Pneumatic bones

54
Q

Bone classification in which there are small round or oval bone located WITHIN tendons. (ex) patella, pisiform, metacarpals and proximal phalanges of hand and between metatarsals and proximal phalanges of foot

A

Sesamoid bones

55
Q

Type of bone formed from the periosteum of EXISTING bone. (ex) Para-articular processes and bony spurs associated with vertebrae as well as with tarsal bones

A

Accessory bone

56
Q

Type of bone formed from cells within NON-bone related tissues as a result of the healing process, disease, stress, or age. (Ex) pineal gland, heart, and within ligaments (other than site of attachment)

A

Heterotopic bone

57
Q

Four general categories of SURFACE features of bone

A

1) Elevations
2) Depressions
3) Tunnels/Passageways
4) Facets

58
Q

These are features that extend ABOVE the surface of bone. There are 3 types: Linear, rounded, and sharp.

A

Elevations

59
Q

A type of elevation feature that are arranged along some linear axis. There are three subtypes based on the HEIGHT of the projection from the bone surface (line, ridge, crest)

A

Linear surface elevation

60
Q

The slightest or shortest in height/ linear surface elevation.
(Ex) transverse lines of sternum

A

Line

61
Q

Slightly higher linear surface elevation that is often roughened

A

Ridge

62
Q

Highest of the linear surface elevations, usually sharp and thin

A

Crest

63
Q

A type of elevation feature that has a variety in height, size of base, and or appearance. There are 5 different types (tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber/tuberosity, and malleolus)

A

Rounded surface elevations

64
Q

A small, raised rounded surface elevation both in terms of height and base. Usually associated with attachment sites for ligaments or tendons.

A

Tubercle

65
Q

A swelling or knob with a larger base forms this rounded surface elevation.

A

Protuberance

66
Q

Examples of a Tubercle (linear surface elevation)

A

1) Superior, inferior, and lateral tubercles of T12

67
Q

Examples of a Ridge (linear surface elevation)

A

1) transverse ridges of sacrum (b/w S1 and S2 and between S2 and S3)

68
Q

Examples of a Crest (linear surface elevation)

A

1) median, intermediate, and lateral sacral crests

69
Q

Examples of a Protuberance (rounded surface elevation)

A

1) Mental protuberance of the mandible

2) external occipital protuberance of the occipital bone

70
Q

A large, blunt projection with a significant base and height. No examples of this rounded surface elevation exist in the axial skeleton.

A

Trochanter

71
Q

Examples of a Trochanter (rounded surface elevation)

A

1) Greater trochanter of femur

2) Lesser trochanter of femur

72
Q

A large, roughened yet rounded projection with a significant base, but the height of this rounded surface elevation is extremely variable.

A

Tuber/Tuberosity

73
Q

Examples of a Tuber/Tuberosity (rounded surface elevation)

A

1) frontal tuber of the frontal bone, the
2) tuberosity of the serratus anterior muscle on the second rib,
3) sacral tuberosity of S2 and the
4) ischial tuberosity of the innominate

74
Q

A hammerhead-like rounded surface elevation

A

Malleolus

75
Q

Examples of a Malleolus (rounded surface elevation)

A

1) The medial malleolus of the tibia and

2) lateral malleolus of the fibula

76
Q

A type of elevation feature that has a variable base and a variable length. The distal end of the projection also varies in appearance. There are two types: Spine and process

A

Sharp surface elevation

77
Q

A thorn-like sharp surface elevation

A

Spine

78
Q

Examples of a Spine (sharp surface elevation)

A

1) ischial spine of the innominate bone

79
Q

This type of sharp surface elevation has a relatively sharp, bony prominence with an increased length.

A

Process

80
Q

Examples of a Process (sharp surface elevation)

A

1) The mastoid process and styloid process of the temporal bone
2) spinous process, transverse process, and articular process of vertebrae
3) xiphoid process of sternum are examples of this sharp surface elevation

81
Q

These are features of bone that INDENT the surface of bone. There are two types: linear and rounded.

A

Depressions

82
Q

This type of depression follows some LINEAR axis along the bone. There are 3 types: notch/incisure, groove, and sulcus.

A

Linear surface depressions

83
Q

A type of linear surface depression with a SHORT indentation of variable depth.

A

Notch/Incisure

84
Q

Examples of a Notch/Incisure (linear surface depression)

A

1) superior vertebral notch/incisure

2) inferior vertebral notch/incisure on the pedicle of the vertebrae

85
Q

A type of linear surface depression with a LONG furrow of variable depth (tight grooves).

A

Groove

86
Q

Examples of a Groove (linear surface depression)

A

1) Groove for superior petrosal sinus
2) groove for greater petrosal nerve
3) mastoid groove of temporal bone

87
Q

A type of depression that varies in circumference and depth. There are two types: fovea and fossa.

A

Round surface depressions

88
Q

A type of round surface depression with a SHALLOW depression of variable circumference.

A

Fovea

89
Q

Examples of a Fovea (round surface depression)

A

1) Fovea dentis of C1

2) Pterygoid fovea of mandible

90
Q

A type of round surface depression with a DEEPER depression of variable circumference.

A

Fossa

91
Q

Examples of a Fossa (round surface depression)

A

1) Lacrimal fossa of frontal bone

2) mandibular or glenoid fossa of temporal bone

92
Q

These are features of bones that simply PENETRATE the cortex of bone or go COMPLETELY through a bone. There are 4 types: foramen, canal, meatus, and fissure.

A

Tunnels/passageways

93
Q

The rounded opening of a tunnel/passageway in bone.

A

Ostium or Orifice

94
Q

An IRREGULAR opening of a tunnel/passageway in bone.`

A

Hiatus

95
Q

A type of tunnel/passageway that is a hole that COMPLETELY penetrates the bone at that location. Typically associated with an area of THIN bone or a SHORT distance.

A

Foramen

96
Q

Examples of a Foramen (tunnel/passageway)

A

1) Foramen ovale of sphenoid bone
2) Jugular foramen of temporal and occipital bones
3) Basivertebral venous foramen of vertebrae

97
Q

A type of tunnel/passageway with LENGTH. It is typically associated with an area of THICK bone.

A

Canal

98
Q

Examples of a Canal (tunnel/passageway)

A

1) Vidian canal of sphenoid bone
2) Carotid canal of temporal bone
3) infraorbital canal of the maxilla

99
Q

A type of tunnel/passageway that contains a BLIND-ENDED passageway. It generally goes into a AIR-filled area of bone that does NOT contain fluid.

A

Meatus

100
Q

Examples of a Meatus (passageway/tunnel)

A

1) Internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone

2) external acoustic meatus of temporal bone

101
Q

A type of tunnel/passageway that has an OPENING of variable length and are NOT typically identified with single bones are are NOT listed as features of single bones.

A

Fissures

102
Q

Examples of a Fissure (passageway/tunnel)

A

1) Inferior orbital fissure formed from junction of palatine, maxilla, sphenoid, and zygomatic bones.

103
Q

These features of bone are the areas of ARTICULATION with ADJACENT bones. There are two types: flat and rounded.

A

Facets

104
Q

A type of facet that has a flat and planar surface appearance. But it can have some slightly curved facets.

A

Flat facet

105
Q

Examples of a Flat facet

A

1) Articular facets of thoracic vertebra

2) articular facets of lumbar vertebra (curved in a concave-convex form)

106
Q

A type of facet that has two parts: a head and a condyle

A

Rounded facets

107
Q

The bulbous rounded extremity that DIRECTLY makes contact with a reciprocant articular surface in a rounded facet.

A

Head

108
Q

The knuckle-shaped surface for articulation in a rounded facet.

A

Condyle

Spinal Anatomy (4 decks)

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