Osteology: Study of Bone Flashcards
The FOUR basic tissue types
1) Epithelial
2) Neural
3) Connective
4) Muscular
These are the bone-FORMING cells
Osteoblasts
These are the bone-NURTURING cells
Osteocytes
These are the bone-REMODELING cells
Osteoclasts
Cells are surrounded by or embedded in this fluid filled material
Matrix
Bones cells are embedded or surrounded by this type of matrix
Amorphous matrix
An amorphous matrix consists of the following substances
1) ground substance
2) collagen fibers
3) various minerals
This substance is rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAG’S) which includes chondroitan sulfate, keratin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid
Ground substance
These molecules are linear, non-branching, repeating disaccharide units. They are mainly found in the ground substance of bone.
Glycosaminoglycan’s (GAG’S)
These GAG’s are primarily found in bone
1) Chondroitin sulfate
2) Keratin sulfate
3) Hyaluronic acid
These are formed from the protein collagen and are located in the ground substance. These molecular units bond together in a linear sequence to form a fiber.
Collagen fibers
The primary type of collagen fiber found in bone
Type I collagen
Various chemical groups make up this INORGANIC part of the bone
Bone mineral
These molecules are stored in the matrix and serve to provide the RIGIDITY for bone
Calcium phosphate
Citrate
Carbonate ions
The MOST common deposit in bone that is a form of calcium phosphate.
Hydroxyapatite
Other mineral and chemical deposits in bone
1) Sodium
2) Magnesium
3) fluoride ions
4) lead (cation)
5) strontium (cation)
6) radium (cation)
States that bone will RESPOND to stressors. A bone will be deposited when and where it is needed and it will be resorbed when and where it is not needed.
Wolff’s Law
“Living bone” describes the ability of bone to….
1) HEAL
2) REMODEL (under stressors as diverse as anxiety, tension or pressure
3) AGE
Bone is embryologically derived from one of two CONNECTIVE tissue types
1) Mesenchyme (intramembranous)
2) Cartilage (endochondral)
Mesenchyme and cartilage will convert to osteoblast-like cells during this time period
2nd to 5th month IN utero
This is when the bone forms within the primitive connective tissue or MESENCHYME. Characteristic of most bones of the SKULL and part of the CLAVICLE
Intramembranous ossification
Intramembranous ossification occurs during this time period
2nd to 3rd month IN utero
Bones that undergo INTRAMEMBRANOUS ossification (from mesenchyme)
1) Nasal
2) Palatine
3) Vomer
4) Lacrimal
5) Zygomatic
6) Maxilla
7) Frontal
8) Parietal
9) Most of the mandible and clavicle
10) Squama of temporal and occipital bones
11) greater wing of sphenoid
This is when bone develops within CARTILAGE. Characteristic of the remaining bones of the skull and the rest of the skeleton (everything else)
Endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification occurs during this time period
2nd to 5th month IN utero
Centers for ossification in the SKULL in CARTILAGE template
Chondrocranium
Bones derived from the CHONDROCRANIUM
1) inferior nasal concha
2) ethmoid
3) sphenoid
4) part of mandible
5) Temporal and occipital bones
Centers of ossification within cartilage that occur BEFORE birth
Primary centers of ossification
Centers of ossification within cartilage that occur AFTER birth
Secondary centers of ossification
Solid, dense bone that covers the EXTERIOR of all bones forming the skeleton
Compact (cortical) bone
Bone that makes up the INTERIOR of all bones forming the skeleton
Spongy (cancellous, trabecular) bone
A space that exists within the interior bony framework (Spongy bone)
Marrow cavity
When one bone articulates with another bone in a fluid-filled joint, the compact bone is covered by this type of cartilage
Subchondral bone
Thin layer of cells and fibers that covers the NON-articular surface of any bone
Periosteum
Internal fibro-cellular layer lining the Spongy bone
Endosteum
There is a great deal of _________ in bone that accounts for the disparity in size, appearance, and or shape of individual bones. There are 4 general types of this
Variability
This is GENDER variation that has inherent differences between the same bone in males and females
Sexual dimorphism
GROWTH or age variation. Bone will differ based on the AGE of the individual
Ontogenetic variation
Ethnic background. The location of origin, select community of origin, or the ethnic (racial) background influence the bone variation
Geographic or population-based variation
Individual variation. These are differences between individuals of the same sex, age, and geographic population differences are evident. There are no true identical persons
Idiosyncratic variation
Bone classification in which the length of the bone is GREATER than the breadth
Long bones
This bone consists of a DIAPHYSIS and two EPIPHYSES
Long bones
Name of the shaft of long bones
Diaphysis
Two ends of the shaft of long bones
Epiphyses
Examples of these types of bones are the bones of the EXTREMITIES (not carpus or tarsus)
Long bones
Bone classification in which the appearance of outside of the bone is CUBOIDAL. Found in the carpus (NOT pisiform) and in the tarsus.
Short bones
Bone classification in which the appearance is characterized by a THIN layer of SPONGY bone sandwiched between two layers of COMPACT bone.
Flat bones
ONLY skull bone that is singularly a flat bone
Parietal bone
The SPONGY bone of flat bones in the SKULL
Diploe
Other examples of FLAT bones
Sternum and blade of scapula
Bone classification in which there are numerous projections or irregular outlines. All remaining skull bones, vertebrae, and innominate (hip) bones are examples of these.
Irregular bones
Bone classification that is typically associated with paranasal sinuses of the same name: frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, and sphenoid bones. (Have air spaces that help with weight distribution)
Paranasal/Pneumatic bones
The temporal bone exhibits small air spaces in the mastoid process and are examples of this type of bone
Pneumatic bones
Bone classification in which there are small round or oval bone located WITHIN tendons. (ex) patella, pisiform, metacarpals and proximal phalanges of hand and between metatarsals and proximal phalanges of foot
Sesamoid bones
Type of bone formed from the periosteum of EXISTING bone. (ex) Para-articular processes and bony spurs associated with vertebrae as well as with tarsal bones
Accessory bone
Type of bone formed from cells within NON-bone related tissues as a result of the healing process, disease, stress, or age. (Ex) pineal gland, heart, and within ligaments (other than site of attachment)
Heterotopic bone
Four general categories of SURFACE features of bone
1) Elevations
2) Depressions
3) Tunnels/Passageways
4) Facets
These are features that extend ABOVE the surface of bone. There are 3 types: Linear, rounded, and sharp.
Elevations
A type of elevation feature that are arranged along some linear axis. There are three subtypes based on the HEIGHT of the projection from the bone surface (line, ridge, crest)
Linear surface elevation
The slightest or shortest in height/ linear surface elevation.
(Ex) transverse lines of sternum
Line
Slightly higher linear surface elevation that is often roughened
Ridge
Highest of the linear surface elevations, usually sharp and thin
Crest
A type of elevation feature that has a variety in height, size of base, and or appearance. There are 5 different types (tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber/tuberosity, and malleolus)
Rounded surface elevations
A small, raised rounded surface elevation both in terms of height and base. Usually associated with attachment sites for ligaments or tendons.
Tubercle
A swelling or knob with a larger base forms this rounded surface elevation.
Protuberance
Examples of a Tubercle (linear surface elevation)
1) Superior, inferior, and lateral tubercles of T12
Examples of a Ridge (linear surface elevation)
1) transverse ridges of sacrum (b/w S1 and S2 and between S2 and S3)
Examples of a Crest (linear surface elevation)
1) median, intermediate, and lateral sacral crests
Examples of a Protuberance (rounded surface elevation)
1) Mental protuberance of the mandible
2) external occipital protuberance of the occipital bone
A large, blunt projection with a significant base and height. No examples of this rounded surface elevation exist in the axial skeleton.
Trochanter
Examples of a Trochanter (rounded surface elevation)
1) Greater trochanter of femur
2) Lesser trochanter of femur
A large, roughened yet rounded projection with a significant base, but the height of this rounded surface elevation is extremely variable.
Tuber/Tuberosity
Examples of a Tuber/Tuberosity (rounded surface elevation)
1) frontal tuber of the frontal bone, the
2) tuberosity of the serratus anterior muscle on the second rib,
3) sacral tuberosity of S2 and the
4) ischial tuberosity of the innominate
A hammerhead-like rounded surface elevation
Malleolus
Examples of a Malleolus (rounded surface elevation)
1) The medial malleolus of the tibia and
2) lateral malleolus of the fibula
A type of elevation feature that has a variable base and a variable length. The distal end of the projection also varies in appearance. There are two types: Spine and process
Sharp surface elevation
A thorn-like sharp surface elevation
Spine
Examples of a Spine (sharp surface elevation)
1) ischial spine of the innominate bone
This type of sharp surface elevation has a relatively sharp, bony prominence with an increased length.
Process
Examples of a Process (sharp surface elevation)
1) The mastoid process and styloid process of the temporal bone
2) spinous process, transverse process, and articular process of vertebrae
3) xiphoid process of sternum are examples of this sharp surface elevation
These are features of bone that INDENT the surface of bone. There are two types: linear and rounded.
Depressions
This type of depression follows some LINEAR axis along the bone. There are 3 types: notch/incisure, groove, and sulcus.
Linear surface depressions
A type of linear surface depression with a SHORT indentation of variable depth.
Notch/Incisure
Examples of a Notch/Incisure (linear surface depression)
1) superior vertebral notch/incisure
2) inferior vertebral notch/incisure on the pedicle of the vertebrae
A type of linear surface depression with a LONG furrow of variable depth (tight grooves).
Groove
Examples of a Groove (linear surface depression)
1) Groove for superior petrosal sinus
2) groove for greater petrosal nerve
3) mastoid groove of temporal bone
A type of depression that varies in circumference and depth. There are two types: fovea and fossa.
Round surface depressions
A type of round surface depression with a SHALLOW depression of variable circumference.
Fovea
Examples of a Fovea (round surface depression)
1) Fovea dentis of C1
2) Pterygoid fovea of mandible
A type of round surface depression with a DEEPER depression of variable circumference.
Fossa
Examples of a Fossa (round surface depression)
1) Lacrimal fossa of frontal bone
2) mandibular or glenoid fossa of temporal bone
These are features of bones that simply PENETRATE the cortex of bone or go COMPLETELY through a bone. There are 4 types: foramen, canal, meatus, and fissure.
Tunnels/passageways
The rounded opening of a tunnel/passageway in bone.
Ostium or Orifice
An IRREGULAR opening of a tunnel/passageway in bone.`
Hiatus
A type of tunnel/passageway that is a hole that COMPLETELY penetrates the bone at that location. Typically associated with an area of THIN bone or a SHORT distance.
Foramen
Examples of a Foramen (tunnel/passageway)
1) Foramen ovale of sphenoid bone
2) Jugular foramen of temporal and occipital bones
3) Basivertebral venous foramen of vertebrae
A type of tunnel/passageway with LENGTH. It is typically associated with an area of THICK bone.
Canal
Examples of a Canal (tunnel/passageway)
1) Vidian canal of sphenoid bone
2) Carotid canal of temporal bone
3) infraorbital canal of the maxilla
A type of tunnel/passageway that contains a BLIND-ENDED passageway. It generally goes into a AIR-filled area of bone that does NOT contain fluid.
Meatus
Examples of a Meatus (passageway/tunnel)
1) Internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone
2) external acoustic meatus of temporal bone
A type of tunnel/passageway that has an OPENING of variable length and are NOT typically identified with single bones are are NOT listed as features of single bones.
Fissures
Examples of a Fissure (passageway/tunnel)
1) Inferior orbital fissure formed from junction of palatine, maxilla, sphenoid, and zygomatic bones.
These features of bone are the areas of ARTICULATION with ADJACENT bones. There are two types: flat and rounded.
Facets
A type of facet that has a flat and planar surface appearance. But it can have some slightly curved facets.
Flat facet
Examples of a Flat facet
1) Articular facets of thoracic vertebra
2) articular facets of lumbar vertebra (curved in a concave-convex form)
A type of facet that has two parts: a head and a condyle
Rounded facets
The bulbous rounded extremity that DIRECTLY makes contact with a reciprocant articular surface in a rounded facet.
Head
The knuckle-shaped surface for articulation in a rounded facet.
Condyle
