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Kines exam 4 > vertebral column > Flashcards

vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

5 major functions of the vertebral column

A

1) Stability- hold & maintain body position
2) Mobility- ability to assume various positions and engage in functional tasks
3) Protection - of spinal cord
4) Transfer loads - between head/neck & pelvis
5) Links- UE & LE

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2
Q

vertebral column is the base for:

A
  • base of support for head & internal organs

- base of attachment for muscles/ligaments/bones – appendicular & axial skeleton

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3
Q

how many vertebrae?

A

33

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4
Q

how many IV disks

A

23

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5
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

just below L1

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6
Q

After the spinal cord ends what forms???

A

at the bottom of L1 roots sprout out to make the caudal equina

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7
Q

The cervical spinal nerves emerge from ______ the corresponding vertebrae

A

above

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8
Q

The thoracic spinal nerves emerge from ______ the corresponding spinal vertebrae

A

below

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9
Q

The lumbar spinal nerves emerge from _____ the corresponding spinal vertebrae

A

below

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10
Q

What are the primary curves?

“type of curve” & the parts of the vertebral column that stay this way through life

A

kyphotic (posterior convexity)

thoracic & sacral

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11
Q

What are the secondary curves?

“type of curve” & the parts of the vertebral column that stay this way through life

A

lordosis (anterior)– it was initially kyphotic convex but it undergoes reversal with the baby’s development

cervical & lumbar

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12
Q

when do the secondary curves stop developing? (age)

A

12 to 17 years old

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13
Q

What developmental milestone signals that a child’s secondary curve @ cervical vert has developed???

A

child can hold up their head on their own

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14
Q

What developmental milestone signals that a child’s secondary lumbar curve has developed???

A

child begins to walk/stand

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15
Q

function of vertebral column curves is to

A
  • provide vert column with more strength & resiliency

- attenuate GRF

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16
Q

vertebral body resists:

A

compressive & shearing forces

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17
Q

vertebral body is a bone with specific _______

A

specific trabeculae patterns

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18
Q

vertebral body is largest in what area of the spine? why?

A

lumbar spine– to withstand greater loads

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19
Q

What is the weakest part of the vertebral body?

A

the anterior portion

this is where compression fractures of the spine occur

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20
Q

_____________ divide the vertebral arch into anterior/posterior portions

A

transverse processes

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21
Q

the vertebral arch:

anterior portion —->________—>vertebral body

A

pedicle

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22
Q

the vertebral arch:

posterior portion —> ________

A

lamina

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23
Q

How many spinous processes are on a typical vertebra?

A

1

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24
Q

How many transverse processes are on a typical vertebra?

A

2

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25
How many articular processes/facets are on a typical vertebra?
4
26
par articularis
the posterior portion of laminae between superior & inferior processes weak- prone to fractures
27
what is located on the anterior aspect of vertebra?
vertebral body
28
what is located on the posterior aspect of vertebra?
vertebral arch spinous process transverse process articular processes/facets
29
atlas structure
C1 - no vertebral body - no spinous processes - yes transverse processes
30
axis structure
C2 - no vertebral body - has a spinous process - odontoid/dens - points vertically up - has a transverse process
31
odontoid
aka dens spinous process of the axis - points straight up
32
InterVertebral disk functions
to distribute loads & resist motion
33
Intervertebral disk increases in length, width, & thickness from ______ spine to _______ spine
cervical to lumbar
34
what comprises intervertebral disks?
``` annulus fibrousus (outer edge) nucleus pulposus (inside) ```
35
annulus fibrosus is made up of:
annular fibers that are composed of collagen & fibrocartilage - low water & low proteoglycans (PG = attract water)
36
Function of annulus fibrosus
- resists bending | - resists torsional force
37
nucleus pulposus is composed of:
- H2O, collagen, proteoglycans
38
function of nucleus pulposus?
provides a uniform pressure to store energy & distribute loads
39
What happens to there nucleus pulposus with age?
it degenerates, causing water to be lost (despite its water loving nature) -- as water is lost, the total inches of the spine decrease, which is why old people "shrink"
40
What is the progression of a dry disk (nucleus pulpous)?? (structure & function)
it becomes inelastic, and there is a decreased ability to store energy & distribute loads
41
anterior longitudinal ligament runs along the
entire portion of vertebral body | axis to the sacrum
42
functions of the anterior longitudinal ligament:
1) limits extension | 2) reinforces the anterior disk
43
posterior longitudinal ligament runs along the:
posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies within the spinal canal axis --> sacrum
44
posterior longitudinal ligament functions:
1) limits flexion | 2) reinforces posterior disk
45
ligamentum flavum runs along the:
posterior surface of the vertebral canal connecting the adjacent lamina axis --> sacrum
46
function of ligamentum flavum
limits flexion (especially in lumbar spine)
47
ligamentum flavum has _____ elastic content
high
48
ligamentum flavum contracts during ______
extension
49
ligamentum flavum elongates during ________
flexion
50
ligamentum flavum is always under_____ (even in neutral!)
tension
51
supraspinous ligament runs
vertically over the tips of the spinous processes ----- @ the lumbar & thoracic spines
52
supraspinous ligament is vulnerable to
hyperflexion injury (ie whip lash, car accident)
53
ligamentum nuchae is a continuation of:
supraspinous ligament --- it runs from the cervical spine to occiput
54
ligamentum nuchae runs:
vertically over the tips of spinous processes
55
tectorial membrane runs from
axis to occiput
56
tectorial membrane is a continuation of
PLL - posterior longitudinal ligament
57
interspinous ligament runs:
between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
58
interspinous ligament is vulnerable to ________ injury
hyperflexion
59
intertransverse ligament connects the adjacent
transverse processes
60
intertransverse ligament is found primarily in the:
lumbar spine --- the cervical & thoracic spines only have a few discernible fibers found their
61
alar ligament goes from
C2 axis @ the odontoid process to the occipital condyles of the skull
62
alar ligament limits (2)
1) head rotation to either side | 2) lateral bending to the opposite side
63
facet joint capsule resists
flexion
64
facet joint capsule is vulnerable to
hyperflexion injury
65
functional unit of the spine consists of
2 adjacent vertebra & interposing vertebral disk this works together for a motion segment
66
articulations of cartilaginous joints occur between
vertebral bodies & IV disk
67
zygopophyseal/apophyseal/facet joints are
synovial joints between articular processes
68
coupled motion of rotation
lateral flexion & forward flexion
69
coupled motion of lateral flexion
rotation & forward flexion
70
The orientation of the facet joints determine the direction of movement in
motion segements
71
amount of motion is determined by the size of
Intervertebral disk
72
C1 to C2 facet orientation is________ this permits mostly ___________
horizontal/transverse plane rotation
73
C3 to C7 facet orientation allows for what motions?
flexion/extension, lateral bending & rotation
74
Thoracic vertebrae facet orientation allows for what motions??
lateral flexion, rotation, some flexion/extension lateral flexion is limited by the ribs
75
Lumbar vertebrae facet orientation allows for what motions???
flexion/extension, lateral bending, & almost NO rotation
76
lumbrosacral vertebrae facet orientation allow for what motion??
facets are in an oblique orientation which causes: appreciable rotation
77
axial compression on the spine occurs through
the long axis of the spine, perpendicular to intervertebral disks
78
axial compression occurs due to
1) gravity 2) muscular contraction 3) ligament restriction (ligamentum flavum)
79
axial compression is resisted by
1) IV disks 2) vertebral bodies 3) facet joints
80
facet joints assist in resisting compression -- it is greatest in _________. It is also high in coupled _______ & __________
extension | flexion; rotation
81
facets joints absorb how much of total load when resisting compression on vertebrae?
it absorbs 30% of total load
82
bending is a combination of:
compression & tension ``` compression= due to gravity tension= due to structures/ligaments ```
83
flexion of the spine when bending is the ______ of anterior structures & _______ of the posterior structures
compression; | tension;
84
tensile forces during bending are resisted by
anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments
85
torsion on the spine
twisting | - secondary axial rotation (coupled motion)
86
torsion is resisted by
outer layers of vertebral body, IV disk, orientation of facets
87
Shear forces on the spine are movements in the same plane as:
IV disk & vertebral body ex- one disk moves and the other stays- common in car accidents
88
shear forces are resisted by
facet joints/vertebral arches & IV disks/joints
89
spondylolysis
common at L5. fracture, less stability at posterior aspect can eventually lead to spondylolithesis
90
spondylolithesis
L5 slides forward, because compressive forces due to shearing forces
91
Rotation uses what anterior muscles?
contralateral external obliques ipsilateral internal obliques
92
Lateral bending uses what anterior muscles?
ipsilateral obliques
93
rotation uses what posterior muscles?
- ipsilateral erector spinae - ipsilateral quadratus lumborum - contralateral transverospinalis
94
Lateral bending uses what posterior muscles?
- ipsilateral erector spinae - ipsilateral quadratus lumborum - ipsilateral iliopsoas
95
the forces on the spine during lifting is highly dependent on:
the distance the object is from the body - the further away it is, the longer the lever arm, therefore the harder it is to pick up
96
the TYPES of forces on the spine during lifting
- shear | - compression
97
what forces are acting on the spine when lifting an object?
- the weight of the load - the weight of the upper body - the forces produced by erector spinae
98
During lifting, muscles create large ____________ on the spine
compressive loads
99
forces on the spine during lifting (ligamentum nuchae)
1) constant tension 2) constant compressive force on disk 3) makes disk stiffer in neutral 4) provides support/protection of spine

Kines exam 4 (3 decks)

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