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Kines exam 4 > vertebral column > Flashcards

vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

5 major functions of the vertebral column

A

1) Stability- hold & maintain body position
2) Mobility- ability to assume various positions and engage in functional tasks
3) Protection - of spinal cord
4) Transfer loads - between head/neck & pelvis
5) Links- UE & LE

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2
Q

vertebral column is the base for:

A
  • base of support for head & internal organs

- base of attachment for muscles/ligaments/bones – appendicular & axial skeleton

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3
Q

how many vertebrae?

A

33

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4
Q

how many IV disks

A

23

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5
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

just below L1

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6
Q

After the spinal cord ends what forms???

A

at the bottom of L1 roots sprout out to make the caudal equina

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7
Q

The cervical spinal nerves emerge from ______ the corresponding vertebrae

A

above

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8
Q

The thoracic spinal nerves emerge from ______ the corresponding spinal vertebrae

A

below

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9
Q

The lumbar spinal nerves emerge from _____ the corresponding spinal vertebrae

A

below

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10
Q

What are the primary curves?

“type of curve” & the parts of the vertebral column that stay this way through life

A

kyphotic (posterior convexity)

thoracic & sacral

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11
Q

What are the secondary curves?

“type of curve” & the parts of the vertebral column that stay this way through life

A

lordosis (anterior)– it was initially kyphotic convex but it undergoes reversal with the baby’s development

cervical & lumbar

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12
Q

when do the secondary curves stop developing? (age)

A

12 to 17 years old

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13
Q

What developmental milestone signals that a child’s secondary curve @ cervical vert has developed???

A

child can hold up their head on their own

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14
Q

What developmental milestone signals that a child’s secondary lumbar curve has developed???

A

child begins to walk/stand

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15
Q

function of vertebral column curves is to

A
  • provide vert column with more strength & resiliency

- attenuate GRF

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16
Q

vertebral body resists:

A

compressive & shearing forces

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17
Q

vertebral body is a bone with specific _______

A

specific trabeculae patterns

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18
Q

vertebral body is largest in what area of the spine? why?

A

lumbar spine– to withstand greater loads

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19
Q

What is the weakest part of the vertebral body?

A

the anterior portion

this is where compression fractures of the spine occur

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20
Q

_____________ divide the vertebral arch into anterior/posterior portions

A

transverse processes

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21
Q

the vertebral arch:

anterior portion —->________—>vertebral body

A

pedicle

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22
Q

the vertebral arch:

posterior portion —> ________

A

lamina

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23
Q

How many spinous processes are on a typical vertebra?

A

1

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24
Q

How many transverse processes are on a typical vertebra?

A

2

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25
Q

How many articular processes/facets are on a typical vertebra?

A

4

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26
Q

par articularis

A

the posterior portion of laminae between superior & inferior processes

weak- prone to fractures

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27
Q

what is located on the anterior aspect of vertebra?

A

vertebral body

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28
Q

what is located on the posterior aspect of vertebra?

A

vertebral arch
spinous process
transverse process
articular processes/facets

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29
Q

atlas structure

A

C1

  • no vertebral body
  • no spinous processes
  • yes transverse processes
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30
Q

axis structure

A

C2

  • no vertebral body
  • has a spinous process - odontoid/dens - points vertically up
  • has a transverse process
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31
Q

odontoid

A

aka dens

spinous process of the axis - points straight up

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32
Q

InterVertebral disk functions

A

to distribute loads & resist motion

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33
Q

Intervertebral disk increases in length, width, & thickness from ______ spine to _______ spine

A

cervical to lumbar

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34
Q

what comprises intervertebral disks?

A 
annulus fibrousus (outer edge)
nucleus pulposus (inside)
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35
Q

annulus fibrosus is made up of:

A

annular fibers that are composed of collagen & fibrocartilage

  • low water & low proteoglycans

(PG = attract water)

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36
Q

Function of annulus fibrosus

A
  • resists bending

- resists torsional force

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37
Q

nucleus pulposus is composed of:

A
  • H2O, collagen, proteoglycans
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38
Q

function of nucleus pulposus?

A

provides a uniform pressure to store energy & distribute loads

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39
Q

What happens to there nucleus pulposus with age?

A

it degenerates, causing water to be lost (despite its water loving nature) – as water is lost, the total inches of the spine decrease, which is why old people “shrink”

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40
Q

What is the progression of a dry disk (nucleus pulpous)?? (structure & function)

A

it becomes inelastic, and there is a decreased ability to store energy & distribute loads

41
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament runs along the

A

entire portion of vertebral body

axis to the sacrum

42
Q

functions of the anterior longitudinal ligament:

A

1) limits extension

2) reinforces the anterior disk

43
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament runs along the:

A

posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies within the spinal canal

axis –> sacrum

44
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament functions:

A

1) limits flexion

2) reinforces posterior disk

45
Q

ligamentum flavum runs along the:

A

posterior surface of the vertebral canal connecting the adjacent lamina

axis –> sacrum

46
Q

function of ligamentum flavum

A

limits flexion (especially in lumbar spine)

47
Q

ligamentum flavum has _____ elastic content

A

high

48
Q

ligamentum flavum contracts during ______

A

extension

49
Q

ligamentum flavum elongates during ________

A

flexion

50
Q

ligamentum flavum is always under_____ (even in neutral!)

A

tension

51
Q

supraspinous ligament runs

A

vertically over the tips of the spinous processes —– @ the lumbar & thoracic spines

52
Q

supraspinous ligament is vulnerable to

A

hyperflexion injury (ie whip lash, car accident)

53
Q

ligamentum nuchae is a continuation of:

A

supraspinous ligament — it runs from the cervical spine to occiput

54
Q

ligamentum nuchae runs:

A

vertically over the tips of spinous processes

55
Q

tectorial membrane runs from

A

axis to occiput

56
Q

tectorial membrane is a continuation of

A

PLL - posterior longitudinal ligament

57
Q

interspinous ligament runs:

A

between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

58
Q

interspinous ligament is vulnerable to ________ injury

A

hyperflexion

59
Q

intertransverse ligament connects the adjacent

A

transverse processes

60
Q

intertransverse ligament is found primarily in the:

A

lumbar spine

— the cervical & thoracic spines only have a few discernible fibers found their

61
Q

alar ligament goes from

A

C2 axis @ the odontoid process to the occipital condyles of the skull

62
Q

alar ligament limits (2)

A

1) head rotation to either side

2) lateral bending to the opposite side

63
Q

facet joint capsule resists

A

flexion

64
Q

facet joint capsule is vulnerable to

A

hyperflexion injury

65
Q

functional unit of the spine consists of

A

2 adjacent vertebra & interposing vertebral disk

this works together for a motion segment

66
Q

articulations of cartilaginous joints occur between

A

vertebral bodies & IV disk

67
Q

zygopophyseal/apophyseal/facet joints are

A

synovial joints between articular processes

68
Q

coupled motion of rotation

A

lateral flexion & forward flexion

69
Q

coupled motion of lateral flexion

A

rotation & forward flexion

70
Q

The orientation of the facet joints determine the direction of movement in

A

motion segements

71
Q

amount of motion is determined by the size of

A

Intervertebral disk

72
Q

C1 to C2 facet orientation is________

this permits mostly ___________

A

horizontal/transverse plane

rotation

73
Q

C3 to C7 facet orientation allows for what motions?

A

flexion/extension, lateral bending & rotation

74
Q

Thoracic vertebrae facet orientation allows for what motions??

A

lateral flexion, rotation, some flexion/extension

lateral flexion is limited by the ribs

75
Q

Lumbar vertebrae facet orientation allows for what motions???

A

flexion/extension, lateral bending, & almost NO rotation

76
Q

lumbrosacral vertebrae facet orientation allow for what motion??

A

facets are in an oblique orientation which causes: appreciable rotation

77
Q

axial compression on the spine occurs through

A

the long axis of the spine, perpendicular to intervertebral disks

78
Q

axial compression occurs due to

A

1) gravity
2) muscular contraction
3) ligament restriction (ligamentum flavum)

79
Q

axial compression is resisted by

A

1) IV disks
2) vertebral bodies
3) facet joints

80
Q

facet joints assist in resisting compression – it is greatest in _________. It is also high in coupled _______ & __________

A

extension

flexion; rotation

81
Q

facets joints absorb how much of total load when resisting compression on vertebrae?

A

it absorbs 30% of total load

82
Q

bending is a combination of:

A

compression & tension

compression= due to gravity
tension= due to structures/ligaments
83
Q

flexion of the spine when bending is the ______ of anterior structures & _______ of the posterior structures

A

compression;

tension;

84
Q

tensile forces during bending are resisted by

A

anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments

85
Q

torsion on the spine

A

twisting

- secondary axial rotation (coupled motion)

86
Q

torsion is resisted by

A

outer layers of vertebral body, IV disk, orientation of facets

87
Q

Shear forces on the spine are movements in the same plane as:

A

IV disk & vertebral body

ex- one disk moves and the other stays- common in car accidents

88
Q

shear forces are resisted by

A

facet joints/vertebral arches & IV disks/joints

89
Q

spondylolysis

A

common at L5.
fracture, less stability at posterior aspect

can eventually lead to spondylolithesis

90
Q

spondylolithesis

A

L5 slides forward, because compressive forces due to shearing forces

91
Q

Rotation uses what anterior muscles?

A

contralateral external obliques

ipsilateral internal obliques

92
Q

Lateral bending uses what anterior muscles?

A

ipsilateral obliques

93
Q

rotation uses what posterior muscles?

A
  • ipsilateral erector spinae
  • ipsilateral quadratus lumborum
  • contralateral transverospinalis
94
Q

Lateral bending uses what posterior muscles?

A
  • ipsilateral erector spinae
  • ipsilateral quadratus lumborum
  • ipsilateral iliopsoas
95
Q

the forces on the spine during lifting is highly dependent on:

A

the distance the object is from the body

  • the further away it is, the longer the lever arm, therefore the harder it is to pick up
96
Q

the TYPES of forces on the spine during lifting

A
  • shear

- compression

97
Q

what forces are acting on the spine when lifting an object?

A
  • the weight of the load
  • the weight of the upper body
  • the forces produced by erector spinae
98
Q

During lifting, muscles create large ____________ on the spine

A

compressive loads

99
Q

forces on the spine during lifting (ligamentum nuchae)

A

1) constant tension
2) constant compressive force on disk
3) makes disk stiffer in neutral
4) provides support/protection of spine

Kines exam 4 (3 decks)

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