Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kines exam 4 > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

stance phase

A

encompasses the entire period during which the foot is on the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

swing phase

A

encompances the entire time the foot is in the air for limb advancement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

order of stance phase (5)

A

1) initial contact
2) loading response
3) midstance
4) terminal stance
5) preswing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

order of swing phase (3)

A

1) initial swing
2) mid swing
3) terminal swing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what percent of gait is the stance phase?

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

initial contact

A

step and the heel touches the ground

stance phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what percent range is initial contact?

A

0-2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

loading response

A

point of initial contact to when the opposite leg is lifted off the ground

double support at this point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what percent range is loading response?

A

0-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

midstance

A

contralateral extremity is lifted and the body is slightly leaning forward over the support limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what percent range is mid stance?

A

10-30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

terminal stance

A

(from the end of mid stance) when the body is over the support limb TO the point of initial contact over the contralateral foot

swinging motion after mid stance* once the opposite leg heel hits the ground terminal stance is over! its basically the point of transition from mid stance to preswing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what percent range is terminal stance?

A

30-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Preswing

A

initial contact of the contralateral leg

the leg that we’ve been talking about lifts off at the toe (the toe pops up at the end of terminal)

DOUBLE SUPPORT!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what percent range is pre-swing

A

50-60%

at this point stance phase is over –> go onto swing phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what percent of gait cycle does the swing phase total???

A

40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Initial swing

A

lift off of toe to a point of maximum knee flexion

this is the whole amount of time that the toe comes off the ground til the knee is totally bent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what percent range is initial swing??

A

60-73%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mid swing

A

point of maximum knee flexion to when the tibia is vertical (perpendicular with ground)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what percent range is mid swing

A

73-87%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

terminal swing

A

point when the tibia is vertical (perpendicular with the ground) to the point of initial contact with the floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the percent range for terminal swing??

A

87-100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

temporal parameter

A

measure gait in terms of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

spatial parameter

A

measure gait in terms of distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

average step length males

A

2.4 ft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

average step length for females

A

2.1 ft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

average step length overall

A

2.3 ft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

step defined as

A

the distance from the same point on opposite feet (usually from the point of initial contact)

ex: right step length- measure back of left foot then lift the right foot, step forward. measure the location where the right foot hit the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

average stride length females

A

4.2 ft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

average stride length males

A

4.8 ft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

average stride length overall

A

4.6 ft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

stride defined as

A

the distance of the same point of contact on someones foot.

so left foot stride– measure back of left foot. step forward with right foot— then step forward with left foot– measure back of the left foot

CANNOT just double a step to get a stride as the right & left steps are not always equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

average base of support measurement

A

2 to 4 inches, distance between heels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

angle of toe out (line of progression & foot)

A

normal = 7 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

cadence

A

steps/time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

average cadence

A

113 steps/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

walking velocity average males

A

276 ft/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

walking velocity average females

A

250 ft/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

walking velocity average overall

A

262 ft/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

stride duration

A

time to complete a stride

41
Q

step duration

A

time to complete a step

42
Q

stance time

A

duration of stance phase

43
Q

double support time

A

20% of the stance phase (amount of time that both feet are on the floor)

44
Q

single support time

A

40% of stance phase
Entire swing phase

(amount of time 1 foot is on the floor)

45
Q

what are the double support subtypes???

A

loading response

Preswing

46
Q

what percentages of gait cycle is the hip in flexion?

A

0 - 30%
&
60-100%

47
Q

what percentages of gait cycle is hip in extension??

A

35-60%

48
Q

what percentages of gait cycle is the knee in flexion

A

0 - 100%

at the very end like 95ish it looks like there could be some extension

49
Q

knee is most flexed at what percentage of the gait cycle??

A

70-80%

50
Q

Knee flexion is lowest at what percentage of gait cycle??

A

30-50%
and
95-100%

51
Q

What percentages of the gait cycle is the ankle in dorsiflexion?

A

20-55%ish

52
Q

at what percentages of the gait cycle is the ankle in plantar flexion?

A

0-15%

and 60-85%

53
Q

At what percentage of the gait cycle is the ankle mostly at neutral

A

85-100% (if had to choose tho this is plantarflexion)

54
Q

What causes gait???

A

forces influence kinetics
this includes:
- gravity
- muscular contraction
- inertia (tendency of an object to resist change in motion)
- ground reaction forces (for every action theres an equal and opposite reaction - newton’s 3rd law)

55
Q

Walking is a series of:

A

controlled falls

56
Q

when you hit 150 steps/min you are ______.

This is considered ________.

A

running!

totally single support

57
Q

body force vectors– COG/body weight falls towards the ground & create an

A

equal and opposite force from the ground

if it didn’t you would fall through the floor

58
Q

passenger unit

A

body subdivision consisting of: head, neck, arms, trunk

this is carried rather than contributing directly to walking

59
Q

locomotor unit

A

lower extremity & pelvis - directly impacts walking

60
Q

locomotor unit consists of how many joints??

A

11 jts= lumbrosacral (2), hip, knee, ankle, subtallar, MTP

61
Q

functions of the locomotor unit

A
  • propulsion (body uses gravity to move)
  • stance stability (controlled falling from one stance limb to the other)
  • shock absorption
  • energy conservation (normal BOS allows for minimal energy use)
62
Q

basic objective of the locomotor unit

A

is to move the passenger unit forward along the line of progression

63
Q

forward momentum is maintained during stance by:

A

the rockers (fulcrums) at the heel, ankle, metatarsal heads

64
Q

heel rocker

A

initial contact to loading response
(heel down to flat foot)

pretibial muscles prevent foot drop and promote tibial movement (these muscles keep the foot in dorsiflexion)

65
Q

ankle rocker

A

loading response to terminal stance

flat foot to lift heel off ground

66
Q

forefoot rocker (metatarsal head rocker)

A

terminal stance to preswing

heel off ground to toe off ground

67
Q

efficiency of gait - what is important - why

A

the goal of a good gait cycle is minimize work/energy used.. When the COG is good then gait is most efficient

rockers are important for efficiency of gait cycle** ex: no heel rocker- foot just goes down flat & the entire body needs to work to shift foot for less motion

68
Q

average distance of vertical displacement of COG

A

2 inches

69
Q

vertical displacement of COG has a smooth

A

sinusoidal curve

70
Q

the vertical displacement of COG is highest during

A

midswing

maximum knee flexion to the vertical tibia

71
Q

the vertical displacement of COG is lowest during

A

double support

72
Q

horizontal displacement of the COG shifts towards the

A

weight bearing side (right to left etc)

73
Q

horizontal displacement of COG has a smooth

A

sinusoidal curve

74
Q

average horizontal displacement of the COG (distance)

A

2 inches

75
Q

gait is determined by adjustments made by the body to

A

help minimize the movement of the COG

76
Q

COG is kept normal by what sort of drop in the frontal plane??

total degrees

A

lateral pelvic drop

4 deg on each side for an average total of 8 to 10 deg

weight bearing, leg hip drops contralateral leg-hip lift

77
Q

COG is kept normal by what sort of rotation in the transverse plane??

total degrees??

A

pelvic rotation

6 to 10 deg

as you move forward, the hip rotates with forward leg motion

78
Q

what knee motion keeps gait normal??

A

Knee flexion during mid stance (if you can’t bend your knee than your foot will hit the floor/drag on the floor)

79
Q

how does the lower extremity cause a smooth raising/lowering of the COG???

A

the coordination between knee, ankle, and foot allows for fluid movement

deviation in one of these joints may affect COG and throw off gait

80
Q

excessive plantar flexion may be caused by (3)

A
  • weakness of pretibial muscles (ant tibialis, peroneals)
  • plantarflexion contracture (shortening, imbalance –> ankle cannot get to 0 degrees)
  • soleus/gastroc spasticity
81
Q

excessive ankle plantar flexion impact on initial contact and loading response

A
  • low heel contact/forefoot contact –> this leads to a reduction or total loss of the heel rocker

– foot slap (no heel contact just causes smack of the whole foot on ground)

82
Q

excessive ankle plantar flexion impact on midstance

A
  • premature heel rise (vigorous walker) – walks on toes

- knee hyperextension (outstretch leg to get foot flat on the floor) – common with CVA, SCI, CP, TBI

83
Q

excessive ankle plantar flexion impact on swing (gait)

A

toe drag —> leads to compensations like……

  • hip hiking
  • circumduction
  • lateral trunk leaning
  • contralateral vaulting
84
Q

excessive ankle dorsiflexion caused by: (2)

A
  • triceps surae weakness (calf muscles- gastroc, soleus, plantaris)
  • ankle locked at neutral due to fusion or orthosis (brace)
85
Q

Inadequate knee flexion/excessive knee extension is caused by (4)

A
  • quadriceps weakness –> impacts stance (snaps knee to extension to compensate for weak quads to prevent collapse)
  • pain–> impacts stance & swing
  • quadriceps spasticity –> impacts stance & swing
  • excessive ankle plantar flexion –> impacts stance
86
Q

Inadequate knee flexion/excessive knee extension effect on loading response

A

When quads are really weak - there is no knee flexion to allow for stability

87
Q

knee deviations effect on swing -

no knee flexion/too much knee extension

A
  • toe dragged along ground
  • decreased ability to move limb forward

(also occurs b/c lack of hip flexion)

88
Q

Excessive Knee flexion
Inadequate knee extension
is caused by:

A

inappropriate hamstring activity–> swing & stance (SPASTICITY)
knee flexion contracture –> impacts swing & stance

89
Q

Inadequate hip extension & excessive hip flexion caused by: (5)

A
  • hip flexion contracture
  • anterior iliotibialband contracture
  • hip flexor spasticity
  • pain (intra-articular pressures least at 3–40 deg of flexion)
  • arthrodesis: fusion of bone - surgery as last resort or just happens spontaneously
90
Q

inadequate hip flexion is caused by (2)

A
  • hip flexor weakness

- joint arthrodesis (rare)

91
Q

inadequate hip flexion effect on gait (swing)

A

failure to reach 15 deg hip flexion reduces limb movement forwards

92
Q

compensation for hip flexor insufficiency

A
  • posterior pelvic tilt with abdominals (use abs to swing LE forward)
  • circumduction which is done by the following motions:
  • hip hiking w quadratus lumborum
  • forward pelvic rotation
  • hip abduction
  • contralateral vaulting
  • excessive/rapid knee flexion
  • contralateral lean
93
Q

excessive adduction of the hip effects stance phase of gait:

A

coxa vera (inward pointing hips) results in knee valgus (knees going in to touch each other)

94
Q

excessive adduction of the hip effects swing phase of gait:

A

scissor gait

95
Q

causes of excessive hip adduction (4)

A
  • ipsilateral abductor weakness
  • ipsilateral adduction contracture or spasticity (tightnesss)
  • substitution of abductors as hip flexors
  • contralateral hip abduction contracture (tight lateral musculature will lead to scissor gait)
96
Q

excessive abduction effect on gait stance:

A

wider BOS requires more energy

97
Q

excessive hip abduction caused by (4)

A
  • ipsilateral hip abduction contracture
  • ipsilateral short leg (i.e. ambulated or if leg is severely a diff length)
  • ipsilateral voluntary abduction during circumduction
  • scoliosis with pelvic obliquity
98
Q

excessive external rotation is caused by (3)

A
  • glut max overactivity
  • excessive plantarflexion
  • retroverted acetabulum/femoral head
99
Q

excessive internal rotation is caused by (5)

A
  • adductor overactivity
  • anterior abductor overactivity (TFL/glut medius)
  • medial hamstring overactivity
  • quad weakness
  • anteverted acetabulum/femoral head

Kines exam 4 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions