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Anatomy Exam 3 > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the vertebral column

A

1)support weight 2)protect spinal cord 3)serve as axis and pivot 4)aid posture/movement

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2
Q

5 differentiated segments of vertebral column

A

-7 cervical -12 thoracic -5 lumbar -5 sacral -variable coccygeal vertebrae (typically 4)

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3
Q

Vertebral Body

A
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4
Q

Vertebral/Neural Arch

A

paired laminae & pedicles

-pedicles = join vertebral arch and body

laminae = flat plates contacting pedicles

vertebral foramne = forms vertebral canal

superior and inferior vertebral notches, form IV foramina

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5
Q

Vertebral processes

A

spinous process - 1 per vert

transverse - 2 per vert

articular process/zygapophysis - 4 per vert - 2 superior (pre-zygapophyses) and 2 inferior (post-zygapophyses)

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6
Q

Characterstics of Cervical Vertebrae

A
  • transverse foramina - convey vertebral arteries
  • anterior & posterior tubercles - on transverse processes
    • carotid tubercle - anterior tubercle of C6
  • vertebral foramina - large for C3-C7 because of cerbical enlargement of the cpinal cord
  • uncinate process - raised margins of superior border of body
  • C1/atlas
    • articulates with occipital condyles
    • lacks vertebral body
    • groove for vertebral artery on superior surface
  • C2/axis
    • dens/odontoid process - former body of C1, and pivot for skull
  • C7/vertebral prominens - long spinous process
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7
Q

Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae

A

costal facet, for rib hear

costal facet, for rib tubercle

spinous process - long and slender

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8
Q

Characteristics of lumbar vertebrae

A
  • accessory process - posteriorly on each transverse process, attachment for intertransverse lumborum muscles
  • mamillary process - attachments for multifidus and median intertrransverse muscles
  • L5
    • largest vertebrae in column
    • huge contributor to lumbosacral angle
      • lumbosacral angle = angle between lumbar and sacral vertebrae
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9
Q

Characteristics of Sacral Vertebrae

A
  • sacral vertebrae fuse to form sacrum
  • functions to transfer body weight to pelvis and contriubute to strenth and stability
  • sacral canal - sacral continuation of vertebral canal
  • sacral formina - between vertebrae
  • sacral promontory - anterosuperior projecting ednge of S1
  • median crest - fused spinous processes
  • medial crest - fused articular processes
  • lateral crest - fused transverse processes
  • sacral hiatus - gap in laminae
  • sacral cornua - former inferior articular processes of S5
  • auricular surface - part of sacroiliac joint
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10
Q

Characteristics of Coccygeal Vertebrae

A
  • rudimentary tailbone
  • coccygeal conrua (horns) = part of Co1, articulate with sacral horns
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11
Q

Curvatures of the Vertebral Column

A
  • Cervical - anteriorly convex, secondary
  • Thoracic - anteriorly concave, primary
  • Lumbar - anteriorly convex, secondary
  • Sacral - anteriorly concave, primary
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12
Q

Types of curvatures

A
  • Primary
    • present at birth
    • due to differences in A&P portions of vertebrae
  • Secondary
    • primarily developed after birth
    • due to differences in A&P portions of IV discs
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13
Q

Movements of the Vertebral Column

A
  • Movements:
    • Flexion/extension
    • lateral bending & rotation
  • Restricted by:
    • IV discs
    • orientation of zygapophysial joints, articular capsules, muscles & ligatments
  • range of motion results primarily from elasticity of IV discs
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14
Q

Clinical conditions of vertebral column

A
  • Degenerative changes in vertebrae
    • i.e. osteoporosis and osteoarthritis
  • Abnormal curvature:
    • i.e. kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis
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15
Q

Vertebral Body Joints

A
  • Secondary cartilaginous joints
  • articulate via interposed IV discs
  • IV discs
    • Anulus fibrosis - outer portion of concentric fibrocartilaginous cicles
    • nucleus pulposus - slightly posteriourly positioned gelatinous, elastic, avascular core
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16
Q

Uncovertebral joints

A

joints between uncinate process of C3-C6 and superjacent body

17
Q

Vertebral arch joints (zygapophyses)

A
  • synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes
  • allow gliding betwen vertebrae
  • variable orientation limits movements
18
Q

Longitudinal Ligaments

A
  • Anterior longitudnal Ligament
    • strong band extending across anterolateral vertebral bodies and IV discs
    • prevents hyperextension of vertebral column, stabilizes vertebral body joints
    • extends from sacrum to occiput & C1’s anterior tubercle
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
    • weaker band extending along anterior aspect of vertebral canal
    • prevents hyperflexion of vertebral column
    • prevents herniation/protrusion of discs
19
Q

Acessory Ligaments

A
  • Ligamentum Flava
  • Interspinous ligaments
  • supraspinous ligaments
  • Nuchal ligament/ligamentum nuchae
  • Inter-transverse ligaments
20
Q

Ligamentum Flavum (acessory)

A
  • “yellow ligaments”
  • connect adjacent laminae
  • broad, yellow fibrous tissue extending along prosterior wall
  • prevents abrupt flexion of vertebral column
21
Q

Interspinous ligaments (accessory)

A

connect spinous processes

22
Q

supraspinous ligaments (accessory)

A

connect tips of spinous processes

extends from C7 to sacrum

merges with ligamentum nuchae

23
Q

nuchal ligament/ligamentum nuchae (accessory)

A

extends from external occiputal protuberance/posterior foramen magnum to spinous processes of cervical vertebrae

24
Q

inter-transverse ligaments (accessory)

A

connects adjacenet transverse proceeses

obvious in thorax

25
Q

Craniovertebral Joints

A
  1. atlanto-occipital joint
  2. atlanto-axial joint
26
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint Movement

A
  • primariliy allows nodding of head (flex/ext)
  • allows lateral bending and rotation
27
Q

atlantooccipital membranes

A

extend from atlas to margins of foramen magnum
prevents excessive movement

28
Q

Cruciate Ligament

A
  • Composed of:
    • Transverse ligament of atlas
      • holds dens of C2 with arch of C1
      • posterior wall of dens’ socket
    • Longitudinal bands
      • extend from transverse ligament to occiput and C2 body
29
Q

Alar ligaments of atlanto-occipital joint

A

extend from sides of dens to C1 & foramen magnum

limits head rotation

30
Q

tectorial membrane of atlanto-occipital joint

A

extends from C2 and through foramen magnum

suprior continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament

31
Q

Atlant-axial Joint

A
  • Joint between atlas & axis (2 lateral, 1 median)
  • movement is primarily rotation
  • C1 & skull rotate on C2, limited by alar ligaments
  • C1/C2 zygapophysial joints = gliding joints
  • dens & C11 articulation = pivot joint
32
Q

Clinical conditions of Vertebral Joints & Ligaments

A
  • Herniations and protrusions of nucleus pulposus
  • Internal Decapitation
33
Q

Spinal Arteries

A
  • Branches of:
    • vertebral & ascending cervical arteries - in neck
    • posterior intercostal arteries - in thorax
    • subcostal & lumbar arteries - in abdomen
    • iliolumbar & lateral & medial sacral arteries - in pelvis
  • Enter into IV foramina & divide into:
    • terminal radicular arteries supplying ventral and dorsal roots
    • medullary segmental arteries, which anastomose with spinal arteries
34
Q

Spinal Veins

A
  • Anterior & posterior components for each:
    • internal venous plexus
    • external venous plexus
35
Q

Initial Vertebral Development

A
  • involves sclerotomes, paired mesenchymal condensations around notochord
  • part moves to form IV disc
  • part forms mesenchymal centrum/futue vertebral body
    • each centrum forms from 2 adjacent scelrotomes and becomes intersegmental
    • notochord degenerates where surrounded by vertebral bodies
    • notochord form nucleus pulposus between vertebral bodies
  • the portion around neural tube forms neural arch
  • mesenchymal cells in body wall from form ribs
36
Q

Chondrificaiton

A
  • Development of cartilaginous vertebral column
  • Several chondrification centers:
    • 2 fuse to form cartilaginous centrum
    • 2 centers fuse to form neural arch, then arch fuses with body
  • Neural arch centers also produce spinous and transverse processes
37
Q

Ossification

A
  • Development of bony vertebral column
  • Primary ossification centers in each cartilaginous vertebrae:
    • 2 fuse to form centrum
    • 2 form vertebral arch
  • Secondary ossification centers
    • tip of spinous process ( 1 per vert)
    • tip of transverse processes (2 per vert)
    • annular epiphyses on superior and inferior rims of body (2 per vert)
38
Q

Clinical Conditions of Spinal Development

A

Spina bifida

Anatomy Exam 3 (5 decks)

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