VERTEBRAE & PECTORAL GRIDLE Flashcards
TOTAL NUMBER OF BONES IN VERTEBRAL COLUMN
INFANT= 33-34 BONES
ADULT 26 BONES
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
Cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the vertebral types.
They contain transverse foramina, which allow passage of the
vertebral arteries.
Atlas ‐ Cl modified to articulate with the occipital condyle, does not have a spinous process or body
Axis ‐ C2 ‐ acts as a pivot as in turning head from side to side, gesturing “no”. has a dens or odontoid process. The transverse ligament holds the dens in position against the atlas so that
rotation can occur.
C7 is called the vertebrae prominens since it is easily palpable.
All the cervical spinous processes are bifid except C7.
ATLAS-C1
modified to articulate with the occipital condyle, does
not have a spinous process or body
-CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
Axis ‐ C2
acts as a pivot as in turning head from side to side,
gesturing “no”. has a dens or odontoid process. The transverse
ligament holds the dens in position against the atlas so that
rotation can occur
-CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
C7
called the vertebrae prominens since it is easily palpable.
All the cervical spinous processes are bifid except C7.
-CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
THORACIC VERTEBRAE
Articulate with the ribs
These vertebrae are larger than cervical but smaller than lumbar vertebrae
Have elongated transverse processes for articulation with the ribs.
Have elongated downward pointing spinous processes
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
These are the largest and strongest individual vertebrae.
The spinous process points straight out rather than downward and in general are blunt, large processes
L4 and L5 allow the most motion.
Most disk injuries occur between L4‐L5 and L5‐S1, the area of the lumbosacral junction.
Since the lumbar vertebrae bear the most weight, a compression injury to the vertebrae or to the intervertebral discs most often occurs in this region.
SACRAL VERTEBRAE
5 bones fused into one unit. Usually fused by ages 25‐30.
Sacral nerves exit through the foramen while the filum terminale continues down through the sacral canal to anchor at the coccyx.
The sacrum is wedged between the iliac bones i.e. sacroiliac
joint.
COCCYX
3‐5 bones (most commonly 4) fused into one unit.
Commonly called the tailbone.
BODY
Rounded weight bearing portion of the vertebra, faces anterior in
the spinal column
-STRUCTURE OF THE INDIVIDUAL VERTEBRAE
VERTEBRAL FORAMEN (NEURAL CANAL)
Large opening in the vertebra in which the spinal cord passes
through
-STRUCTURE OF INDIVIDUAL VERTEBRAE
PEDICLES
Between the lamina and the body
Short bony pillars projecting posteriorly from the body.
Together with the lamina, form the vertebral arch
-STRUCTURE OF INDIVIDUAL VERTEBRAE
LAMINAE
Flattened plates and complete the vertebral arch posteriorly
-STRUCTURE OF THE INDIVIDUAL VERTEBRAE
TRANSVERSE PROCESSES
Two lateral projections, for muscle attachment
-STRUCTURE OF INDIVIDUAL VERTEBRAE
SPINOUS PROCESS
Single projection, projects posteriorly.
Can be felt under skin as ‘backbone.’
For muscle attachment
-STRUCTURE OF INDIVIDUAL VERTEBRAE
TRANSVERSE FORAMEN
Observed only in cervical vertebrae
Provide passage for the vertebral artery and vein (going to and from the brain)
-STRUCTURE OF INDIVIDUAL VERTEBRAE
SUPERIOR ARTICULATING PROCESS
has a site called the superior articulating facet that articulates with
the inferior articulating facet of the vertebra superior to it
-STRUCTURE OF INDIVIDUAL VERTEBRAE
INFERIOR ARTICULATING PROCESS
has a site called the inferior articulating facet that articulates with
the superior articulating facet of the vertebra inferior to it
o The superior and inferior articulating facets join together (articulate) and create the
intervertebral foreman in which the spinal pass through. You can see this on the
models in the lab
-STRUCTURE OF INDIVIDUAL VERTEBRAE
INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
Fibrocartilaginous discs between two vertebrae
It is essentially a fluid, malleable, cushion between vertebrae
Not present between atlas and axis
Not present between the sacral and coccygeal bones
¼ length of vertebral column above the sacrum
-STRUCTURE OF INDIVIDUAL VERTEBRAE
RIB CAGE
The ribs have heads with 2 facets for articulating with the thoracic vertebrae.
2. 7 pairs of true ribs ‐ attached by costal cartilage to the sternum
3. 3 pairs of false ribs ‐ attached by costal cartilage to costal cartilage of the 7th rib
4. 2 pairs of floating ribs ‐ the inferior 2 pairs of ribs. Do not attach anteriorly.
6. The space between the ribscan be increased during surgery by rib spreaders since the ribs and the costal cartilage are somewhat flexible. If more space is required, the cartilages are cut against the sternum and the entire sternum can be folded out of the way. Once repositioned, the cartilages are reunited by scar tissue and the ribs heal quite quickly.
8. The 3rd to the 7th ribs are fractured more frequently since they are more exposed.
9. If a rib is fractured and makes a hole into the pleural cavity, it causes a pneumothorax
INTERCOSTAL SPACES
between the ribs and filled with intercostal muscles (external
and internal intercostals), intercostal nerves go to these muscles which are involved
with respiration.
COSTA
MEANS RIBS
STERNUM
The sternum, commonly referred to as the breastbone, is three bones fused together into one flat bone.
The sternum is attached to the first seven pairs of ribs via costal cartilage.
SUPRASTERNAL NOTCH/JUGULAR NOTCH
ON THE MANUBRIUM
-STERNUM
MANUBRIUM OF STERNUM
he uppermost bone of the sternum at which one head of the
sternocleidomastoid muscle originates,
attachment for costal cartilage of ribs l and 2
-STERNUM
STERNAL ANGLE
unction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum
where the 2nd costal cartilage attaches to the sternum
-STERNUM
BODY OF THE STERNUM
BETWEEN THE MANUBRIUM AND THE XIPHOID PROCESS
-STERNUM
XIPHOID PROCESS
iphos means “sword”
used as a landmark in CPR ‐ do compressions above this to avoid breaking it and
creating a spear of bone that can severely damage the liver
-STERNUM
CLAVICLE
Commonly called the collarbone
serves as attachment for one head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
this is the most commonly fractured bone because it is in a superficial location and body weight is transferred to it when the arms are outstretched to break a fall.
Landmarks include
1. acromial end: flattened lateral end , articulates with the acromion of the scapula to form the acromioclavicular (AC) joint).
2. sternal end –medial end that articulates with the sternum. This end is oval or triangular in shape
PECTORAL GIRDLE
The pectoral girdle is commonly referred as the shoulder girdle. Each shoulder girdle consists of two bones: the clavicle and the scapula. The shoulder girdle is an attachment site for many muscles, it is important to learn the landmarks of these bones
SCAPULA
Commonly called the shoulder blade
Fifteen paired muscles attach to the scapula
SPINE OF SCAPULA
RIDGE OF BONE ON THE POSTERIOR SURFACE
SUPRASPINOUS FOSSA
a depression located superior to the spine of the scapula.
supraspinatus muscle originates here
INFRASPINOUS FOSSA
a depression located inferior to the spine of the scapula.
infraspinatus muscle originates here
ACROMION
the lateral end of the spine of the scapula.
Akron = ‘tip’ and omos= ‘shoulder’
Bony landmark of shoulder.
Articulates with clavicle to form the ____________ joint.
The trapezoid and deltoid muscles attach here
GLENOID CAVITY/GLENOID FOSSA
a shallow cavity in which the head of the
humerus articulates.
Because it is shallow compared to the deeper acetabulum of the pelvis, the humerus
dislocates more easily than the femur. Also there are stronger ligaments and tendons to
support the femur in the acetabulum
-SCAPULAR LANDMARK
CORACOID PROCESS
hook‐like projection above the glenoid cavity
Biceps Brachii attaches here
-SCAPULAR LANDMARK
LATERAL OR AXILLARY BORDER
BORDER CLOSET TO THE ARMPIT (AXILLARY REGION)
-SCAPULAR LANDMARK
MEDIAL OR VERTEBRAL BORDER
RUNS ROUGHLY PARALLEL TO VERTEBRAL COLUMN
-SCALPULAR LANDMARK
SUPERIOR ANGLE
SUPERIOR ROUNDED PORTION OF THE SCAPULA
-LANDMARK OF SCAPULA
INFERIOR ANGLE
INFERIOR ROUNDED PORTION OF THE SCAPULA
SCAPULAR NOTCH
the suprascapular nerve, a branch from C5, C6 goes through
here. With traction injury, this nerve may be damaged, and person is unable to
abduct that arm.
SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE
prominence above the glenoid fossa
Long head of the biceps brachii attaches here
-SCAPULAR LANDMARK
INFRAGLENOID TUBERCLE
prominence below the glenoid fossa
Attachment site for the triceps brachii
-SCALPULAR LANDMARK
