Vertebrae And Amphibians Flashcards
The name vertebrate comes from
The individual bony or cartilaginous segments called vertebrae that makes up the spin
In all vertebrates _______ is replaced by the vertebrae during embryonic development
Notochord
What is the vertebral column
It is a series of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae that encloses the dorsal hollow nerve cord or the spinal cord like a sleeve
Cartilage contains fibers of____
Protein collagen
Bones contain_______
Crystals of calcium phosphate salt
All vertebrates have a heart and _______
The development of the head is a development process termed
Cranialization
Necks are found in ________
Tetrapods
What are the major planes of the body
1.Transverse plane. aka horizontal plane
2. Sagittal plane ( midsagittal or median sagittal)
3. Frontal plane. Aka coronal plane
What is the first skeletal feature to appear in the embryo
Notochord
What is the weight bearing portion of the vertebra
Centrum
What is nucleus pulposus
It is a portion of the intervertebral discs.
The remnants of the notochord remains as portions of the intervertebral disc
_________ surrounds and protects the caudal artery
Hemal arches
_________ surrounds and protects the spinal cord
Vertebral or neutral Arch
The hollow center of the vertebral nerve cord is called ______
Neurocoel
The nerve cord originates by the process of ________
Neuralation
___________is a vital portion of the vertebral embryo
Pharynx
________is a source of stem immune cells
Pharynx
Coelom in fishes, amphibians and reptiles are divided into ____&___
Pericardial cavity- which houses the heart
and
pleuroperitoneal cavity - which houses the rest
The pleuroperitoneal cavity and the pericardial cavity are separated by ________
Transverse septum
The coelom in birds mammals are divided into __________&_________
Thoracic cavity - having a pericardial cavity for the heart and a pleural cavity for the lungs
And
Abdominopelvic cavity - having a abdominal or peritoneal cavity and a pelvic cavity.
What are agnathostomata
Jawless vertebrates
What are gnathostoma
Jawed vertebrates
List the divisions of vertebrates
Agnatha
Placodermi
Chondrichthyes
Osterichthyes
Amphibians
Lost 7 general characteristics of vertebrates
What is gymnophiona
They are legless order of amphibians
What characteristics makes the skull of amphibians lighter than that of fishes
- The skull of amphibians are flattened and smaller than that of fishes .
- the skull of amphibians have fewer bony elements
- The vertebral column of amphibians is modified for support and flexibility
Body wall masculature is reduced in tetrapods while appendicular masculature is pronounced. Why?
The reduction of body wall musculature and the pronounced development of appendicular musculature in tetrapods can be attributed to their transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle. This change in habitat required significant adaptations in the musculoskeletal system to facilitate movement on land.
In aquatic environments, the primary mode of locomotion is typically achieved by undulating the body or using fins, which rely heavily on the body wall musculature for propulsion and maneuverability. However, when tetrapods transitioned to land, they faced the challenge of supporting their bodies against gravity and navigating a more complex and diverse terrestrial environment.
The development of strong and well-defined appendicular musculature, particularly in the limbs, became essential for effective terrestrial locomotion. Tetrapods needed powerful limb muscles to support their body weight, generate forceful strides, and perform a variety of movements required for activities such as walking, running, climbing, and digging.
On the other hand, the body wall musculature, which was predominantly responsible for undulatory movements in aquatic environments, became less crucial in terrestrial locomotion. The body wall musculature is generally more suited for bending and flexing the body, which is less advantageous for effective terrestrial locomotion with limbs. Consequently, the body wall musculature became reduced and less prominent in tetrapods over evolutionary time.
Overall, the shift from aquatic to terrestrial locomotion in tetrapods necessitated a reorganization of musculature, with a reduction in body wall musculature and increased emphasis on the development of appendicular musculature to meet the demands of movement on land.
2 important factors that determine what amphibians eat are?
The prey size
Availability
Flip and grab feeding mechanism is shown in?
Anurans and plethodontid salamanders
A true tongue is first seen in______?
Amphibians
The atrium I’m amphibians is partially divided in_________ but completely divided in _________
Urodeles
Anurans
Terrestrial animals expend much less energy moving air across gas exchange surfaces than aquatic organisms. Why?
In land the concentration of oxygen in air is much more than that in water .
However exposure of respiratory surfaces to air may result in rapid water loss
Which amphibian do not posses lungs
Plethodontid salamanders
Name one disadvantage of cutaneous and buccopharyngial respiration with respect to plumonary respiration
The contribution of these forms of respiration are relatively constant. Which means that quantities of gas exchange cannot be increased when metabolic rate increases
