Vertebrae And Amphibians

Question 1

The name vertebrate comes from

Answer 1

The individual bony or cartilaginous segments called vertebrae that makes up the spin

Question 2

In all vertebrates _______ is replaced by the vertebrae during embryonic development

Answer 2

Notochord

Question 3

What is the vertebral column

Answer 3

It is a series of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae that encloses the dorsal hollow nerve cord or the spinal cord like a sleeve

Question 4

Cartilage contains fibers of____

Answer 4

Protein collagen

Question 5

Bones contain_______

Answer 5

Crystals of calcium phosphate salt

Question 6

All vertebrates have a heart and _______

Question 7

The development of the head is a development process termed

Answer 7

Cranialization

Question 8

Necks are found in ________

Answer 8

Tetrapods

Question 9

What are the major planes of the body

Answer 9

1.Transverse plane. aka horizontal plane
2. Sagittal plane ( midsagittal or median sagittal)
3. Frontal plane. Aka coronal plane

Question 10

What is the first skeletal feature to appear in the embryo

Answer 10

Notochord

Question 11

What is the weight bearing portion of the vertebra

Answer 11

Centrum

Question 12

What is nucleus pulposus

Answer 12

It is a portion of the intervertebral discs.
The remnants of the notochord remains as portions of the intervertebral disc

Question 13

_________ surrounds and protects the caudal artery

Answer 13

Hemal arches

Question 14

_________ surrounds and protects the spinal cord

Answer 14

Vertebral or neutral Arch

Question 15

The hollow center of the vertebral nerve cord is called ______

Answer 15

Neurocoel

Question 16

The nerve cord originates by the process of ________

Answer 16

Neuralation

Question 17

___________is a vital portion of the vertebral embryo

Answer 17

Pharynx

Question 18

________is a source of stem immune cells

Answer 18

Pharynx

Question 19

Coelom in fishes, amphibians and reptiles are divided into ____&___

Answer 19

Pericardial cavity- which houses the heart
and
pleuroperitoneal cavity - which houses the rest

Question 20

The pleuroperitoneal cavity and the pericardial cavity are separated by ________

Answer 20

Transverse septum

Question 21

The coelom in birds mammals are divided into __________&_________

Answer 21

Thoracic cavity - having a pericardial cavity for the heart and a pleural cavity for the lungs

And
Abdominopelvic cavity - having a abdominal or peritoneal cavity and a pelvic cavity.

Question 22

What are agnathostomata

Answer 22

Jawless vertebrates

Question 23

What are gnathostoma

Answer 23

Jawed vertebrates

Question 24

List the divisions of vertebrates

Answer 24

Agnatha
Placodermi
Chondrichthyes
Osterichthyes
Amphibians

Question 25

Lost 7 general characteristics of vertebrates

Question 26

What is gymnophiona

Answer 26

They are legless order of amphibians

Question 27

What characteristics makes the skull of amphibians lighter than that of fishes

Answer 27

1. The skull of amphibians are flattened and smaller than that of fishes .
2. the skull of amphibians have fewer bony elements
3. The vertebral column of amphibians is modified for support and flexibility

Question 28

Body wall masculature is reduced in tetrapods while appendicular masculature is pronounced. Why?

Answer 28

The reduction of body wall musculature and the pronounced development of appendicular musculature in tetrapods can be attributed to their transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle. This change in habitat required significant adaptations in the musculoskeletal system to facilitate movement on land.

In aquatic environments, the primary mode of locomotion is typically achieved by undulating the body or using fins, which rely heavily on the body wall musculature for propulsion and maneuverability. However, when tetrapods transitioned to land, they faced the challenge of supporting their bodies against gravity and navigating a more complex and diverse terrestrial environment.

The development of strong and well-defined appendicular musculature, particularly in the limbs, became essential for effective terrestrial locomotion. Tetrapods needed powerful limb muscles to support their body weight, generate forceful strides, and perform a variety of movements required for activities such as walking, running, climbing, and digging.

On the other hand, the body wall musculature, which was predominantly responsible for undulatory movements in aquatic environments, became less crucial in terrestrial locomotion. The body wall musculature is generally more suited for bending and flexing the body, which is less advantageous for effective terrestrial locomotion with limbs. Consequently, the body wall musculature became reduced and less prominent in tetrapods over evolutionary time.

Overall, the shift from aquatic to terrestrial locomotion in tetrapods necessitated a reorganization of musculature, with a reduction in body wall musculature and increased emphasis on the development of appendicular musculature to meet the demands of movement on land.

Question 29

2 important factors that determine what amphibians eat are?

Answer 29

The prey size
Availability

Question 30

Flip and grab feeding mechanism is shown in?

Answer 30

Anurans and plethodontid salamanders

Question 31

A true tongue is first seen in______?

Answer 31

Amphibians

Question 32

The atrium I’m amphibians is partially divided in_________ but completely divided in _________

Answer 32

Urodeles

Anurans

Question 33

Terrestrial animals expend much less energy moving air across gas exchange surfaces than aquatic organisms. Why?

Answer 33

In land the concentration of oxygen in air is much more than that in water .
However exposure of respiratory surfaces to air may result in rapid water loss

Question 34

Which amphibian do not posses lungs

Answer 34

Plethodontid salamanders

Question 35

Name one disadvantage of cutaneous and buccopharyngial respiration with respect to plumonary respiration

Answer 35

The contribution of these forms of respiration are relatively constant. Which means that quantities of gas exchange cannot be increased when metabolic rate increases