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GMAT > Verbal Reasoning > Flashcards

Verbal Reasoning Flashcards

1
Q

PALAVRAS INDICADORAS DE PREMISSAS

A

Because ; Since ; For ; For Example ; For The Reason That; In That; Given That; As indicated By; Due To; Owing To

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2
Q

PALAVRAS INDICADORAS DE CONCLUSÃO

A

Thus; Therefore; Hence; Consequently; As a Result; So; Accordingly; Clearly; Shows That; Follows That

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3
Q

PALAVRAS INDICADORAS DE CONTRA-PREMISSAS

A

But; Yet; However; Despite; Admittedly; In Contrast; Although; Even Though; Still; Whereas

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4
Q

Verb To Be

A

I am/WAS
You are/WERE
He is/WAS
She is/WAS
It is/WAS
We are/WERE
You are/WERE
They are/WERE

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5
Q

Stimulus

A

Geralmente é a parte mais densa e extensa da questão. Nesse contexto não devemos assumir nada. Toda informação necessária já está no stimulus e precisamos ficar atentos para não trazermos informações de fora, principalmente se conhecemos sobre o assunto

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6
Q

Tipos de Stimuli

A

Argumentativas e Factuais

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7
Q

Argumentos Complexos

A

A -> B -> C .

São os casos que temos uma conclusão intermediária

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8
Q

Contrapremissas

A

São usadas em argumentações mais sofisticadas. É possível que o autor mencione premissas que à primeira vista trabalham contra a conclusão apontada. Esse movimento busca antecipar algumas objeções que serão apresentadas pelos oponentes.

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9
Q

Validade X Invalidade dos Argumentos

A

Um argumento pode ser válido ainda que as informações contidas sejam não verdades, isto é, se eu possuo premissas que conduzem a uma clara conclusão, podemos dizer que é um Argumento Válido (ainda que as informações dessas premissas possam não ser verdadeiras)

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10
Q

Question Stem em Critical Reasoning

A

É a “pergunta” logo após o Stimulus e que nos dá uma tarefa de fazer uma conexão lógica entre o Stimulus e as Answer Choices.

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11
Q

10 Tipos de Questão no CR - Question Stem

A

São divididas em 2 principais Grupo: Prove e Help/Hurt

Prove :
1) Inference
2) Provide the Conclusion
3) Method of Reasoning
4) Flaw in the Reasoning
5) Parallel Reasoning

Help/Hurt:
1) Assumption
2) Strengthen the argument
3) Weaken the Argument
4) Resolve the Paradox
5) Evaluate the Argument

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12
Q

Tipo de Questão “Prove”

A

São questões nas quais as informações do Stimulus de alguma forma “provam” algo que está em uma das Answer Choices.

São os tipos mais “rígidos”, uma vez que o Stimulus é a base do raciocínio, qualquer resposta com uma “nova” informação estará errada.

É algo mais Top - > Down

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13
Q

Tipo de Questão “Help/Hurt”

A

São questões que fazem o caminho inverso. São as Answer Choices que vão, de alguma forma, “provar” ou “apoiar” (ou até contradizer/questionar”) as informações contidas no Stimulus. Dessa forma, é perfeitamente aceitável que as Answer possuam novas informações

É algo mais Bottom -> UP

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14
Q

Noun

A

São os Substantivos. Servem para dar nomes às coisas.

Existem vários tipos: Common & Proper Nouns ; Countable & Non-Countable Nouns; Collective Nouns; Possessive Nouns

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15
Q

Common & Proper Nouns

A

Proper Nouns: São os nomes específicos de pessoas, lugares, animais ou objetos (Ex: Sandra, Brasil, Bob,etc)

Common Nouns: São usados para classes genéricas de pessoas, lugares, animais ou objetos (Ex: pessoa, país, cão)

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16
Q

Countable & Non-Countable Nouns

A

Countable Nouns: Possuem singular e plural e são substantivos que podemos contar (Ex: one dog, two dogs, etc)

Non-Countable Nouns: São substantivos que não conseguimos contar (Ex: oxygen, water, money, love,etc)

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17
Q

Modifiers for Countable Nouns

A

Few
Many; Several
Number
Numerous; Multiple; Various

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18
Q

Modifiers for Uncountable Nouns

A

Little; Less
Much
Amount

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19
Q

Uso do WHICH após a vírgula

A

Quando temos uma sentença na qual o Which vem após a vírgula USUALMENTE o Which irá se referir a palavra imediatamente anterior ou ao bloco imediatamente anterior

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20
Q

Uso do “TO” após a vírgula

A

Muitas vezes indica INTENÇÃO. Isto é, precisamos ler a frase como se houvesse a INTENÇÃO de tal coisa

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21
Q

Verbo no -ING após a vírgula

A

Quando temos um verbo no -ING logo após a vírgula ele se refere à AÇÃO que estava ocorrendo logo antes a vírgula

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22
Q

How to Spot a Noun

A

Try to use the “a” or “the” in front of the word

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23
Q

Nouns from Adjectives

A

Usually they are QUALITIES

Ex: Cleanliness ; fluidity ; etc

*They can come from other categories (verbs, etc)

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24
Q

Adjective in Compound Noun

A

Sometimes we see two nouns together. They are Compound nouns.

In essence, the FIRST noun becomes and ADJECTIVE

Ex: Kitchen Sink ;Love Poem ; Dog Collar

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25
Q

Measuring Countable Nouns

A

Many; Few; More; Fewer

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26
Q

Measuring Uncountable Nouns

A

We usy counting units (pieces, slices, grams, etc) or by using

Much; Little; More; Less

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27
Q

Subject Pronouns

A

They perform actions, represented by verbs.

Ex: He ate

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28
Q

Object Pronouns

A

Serve as the object of a verb. That is, actions (represented by verbs) get done to them.

Ex: The boss gave her a raise

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29
Q

Most INDEFINITE Pronouns are….

A

Singular

Ex: Everyone has…..

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30
Q

Indefinite Pronouns List

A

Everyone ; Everybody ; Everything ; All ; Several ; Each ; Another ; Someone ; Somebody; Something ; Many ; Some ; Either ; Any ; No One ; Nobody ; Nothing ; More ; Few ; Neither ; Other ; Anyone ; Anybody ; Anything ; Most ; Both ; Much ; One; None

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31
Q

EACH is always…..

A

SINGULAR

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32
Q

If the word ends with -one ; -thing ; -body it’s….

A

SINGULAR

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33
Q

Absolute Adjectives

A

Adjectives that are not capable of being intensified

Ex: Dead; Square; Essential; Universal; Immortal; Unique

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34
Q

Working Verbs

A

The main verbs in a Sentence

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35
Q

Action Verbs

A

Express the action performed by a subject. The tense of an action verb provides information about When the action was performed.

36
Q

Helping Verbs

A

Help other words to become complete compound verbs.

Ex: is, was, has, does, will, should, can

37
Q

Gerund

A

If you can substitute for a NOUN, it is problably a Gerund.

Another tip is look for helper verbs. If the -ing word stands alone, it is not a verb

38
Q

Infinitive Verbs

A

The infinitive form is the base form before you conjugate the verb; For this reason, an infinitive is never the main or working verb of a sentence

39
Q

Tip on Singular/ Plural Verbs endind in -S

A

It’s a bit weird that, in English, singular verbs generally end in -S, and plural verbs do not end in -S.

Singular Verbs (It, He, She): Runs ; Differs ; Goes ; Has

Plural Verbs (we; they): Run ; Differ ; Go ; Have ; Are

40
Q

Present Perfect

A

Action that started in the past and it’s still true or still happening

I/YOU/WE/THEY –> HAVE

HE/SHE/IT –> HAS

41
Q

HAD Verbs - Past Perfect

A

Express the “Double Past”

It is when something happened before another action

42
Q

Past Perfect and Time Marker

A

Past Perfect can also be used with a time marker

Ex: By 2011, she had traveled to India twice

43
Q

Adverbs

A

Primarily used to modify VERBS. They can also be used to describe ADJECTIVES and other ADVERBS.

What they definitely DO NOT DO is to describe nouns. That’s the adjective function

44
Q

Prepositions

A

Are used to to construct modifiers, which provide additional information about something else in the sentence

There are more than 100 prep in English

45
Q

BUT as a Preposition

A

But is usually a Conjunction but can be used as a preposition when used to mean EXCEPT

Ex: All developed Nations BUT the US have some form of national health insurance

46
Q

Ending Sentence With Prepositon

A

Even though some people say it is not acceptable to end a sentence with a preposition, most grammarians defend it is acceptable. Thus, the GMAT won’t test this concept

47
Q

Conjunctions

A

They link words, phrases and sentences. For Example:

And ; But ; Either….or ; not only…but also ; If ; When ; Because

48
Q

3 Types of Conjunctions

A

1 - Coordinating
2 - Correlative
3- Subordinating

49
Q

Coordinating Conjunctions

A

FANBOYS

For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So

*On the GMAT you will be probably tested if the Conjunction is right

50
Q

Correlative Conjunctions

A

The primary Correlative Conjunctions are:

Either/Or

Neither/Nor

Both/and

Wheter/Or

Not only/But Also –> It can be Not only/But

51
Q

Parallel

A

Correct: I like to eat not only berries but also cherries, peaches, and apples

Incorrect: I like not only to eat berries but also cherries, peaches and apples

In the correct version the question being asked is: ‘WHAT DO I LIKE TO EAT?”

In the incorrect version the question is: “WHAT DO I LIKE?”

In the correct answer both things after the Conjunction are nouns and in the incorrect version is a “to verb”

52
Q

Subordinating Conjunctions

A

They introduce dependent clauses. A dependent clause and a subordinate clause are the same thing.

Some of the most common subordinating conjunctions are:

After ; Although ; As ; As If ; As long As ; Because ; Before ; Even Though ; How ; If ; If Only ; In Order ; Once ; Since ; So that ; Than ; That ; Though ; Unless ; Until ; When ; Where ; Whether ; While

53
Q

Complete Sentence

A

Always Contain a Subject + Predicate

Predicate always have a working verb

54
Q

Run-On Sentences

A

Consists in two or more independent clauses joined without appropriate punctuaction or a conjunction;

For Example: It can be a Comma Splice. Which is a sentence of two independent clauses joined by only one comma

55
Q

Comma Splice

A

Type of Run-On Sentence

When two independent clauses are joined by only one comma

It’s always wrong

56
Q

Oxford Comma or Serial Comma

A

The use of comma before AND in a list

57
Q

Semicolon (;)

A

Connects Two independent clauses. That is, the two parts on either sides must be complete sentences. Each one must stand alone and they must be closely related in meaning

58
Q

Semicolon Before AND or BUT

A

Do not use it. A comma is fine

59
Q

Colon (:)

A

The colon goes before a LIST or EXPLANATION.

The sentence before the colon must be able to stand alone

60
Q

Modifiers

A

They describe something in the sentence, but they are not part of the core sentence

All prepositional phrases are modifiers, and there are many other kinds of modifiers

61
Q

Opening Modifiers or “Warm-Ups” Examples

A

INCORRECT: Full of one million tons of trash, the mayor suggested that a new landfill be built

INCORRECT: Hiking through the woods, my back was stolen by bears.

In the first one it would be referring to MAYOR and in the second one to MY BACKPACK, which does not make sense

62
Q

The “warm-up question”

A

The warm-up creates a question - who are the accomplished mathematicians and astronomers? The Question is answered after the comma

EX: Accomplished mathematicians and astronomers, the ancient Babylonians used a base-60 number system and were able to measure the length of the solar year

63
Q

Use of THAT/WHO/WHICH/WHEN/ WHERE

A
  • Don’t use THAT or WHICH for people (Instead, use WHO)
    -When for times
  • Where for places

INCORRECT: Young professionals THAT go to business school hope to increase their salary prospects. –> Do not use THAT for people. The right one would be WHO

INCORRECT: First-degree murder is WHEN the killing was premeditated. –> First-degree murder is not a time

64
Q

WHO x WHOSE

A

Who is used only for people

Whose can be used for objects

65
Q

Parallelism

A

Two or more phrases or clauses in a sentence that have the same grammatical structure

You must follow the same structure for the ‘entire list’ of the sentece

INCORRECT: Olympic athletes usually like practicing, competing and to eat ice cream sandwiches.

Here the last one is in the infinitive form

CORRECT: Olympic athletes usually like practicing, competing, and eating ice….

CORRECT: Olympic athletes usually like to practice, compete, and eat icre…..

66
Q

Phrases beginning with THAT and WHEN

A

We need to compare phrases which start with the same idea. WHEN with WHEN… THAT with THAT

*Do not compare a phrase that starts with THAT to one that starts with WHEN, WHERE, WHICH or WHO

67
Q

Dangling Modifiers

A

A modifier describes or qualifies another part of a sentence. A Dangling modifier occurs when the intended subject of the modifier is missing from the sentence, and instead another subject appears in its place

EX: Fumbling in her purse, the keys could not be found [ERRADO]

Fumbling in her purse, she could not find the keys [CORRETO]

Basically, is when the modifier “has nothing” to modify.

Usually, the subject (or doer) should come immediately after the comma:

Ex: While driving to work, Jane witnessed a car accident on the highway

68
Q

Use of Getting

A

In getting x TO DO y

69
Q

Use of ONCE

A

It should always be placed before the word it is refering

Ex: […] have once thought

70
Q

Ability….

A

TO

Ex: Ability TO SING

71
Q

Allow…

A

TO ou FOR

TO: Permits an action

FOR: Permits the existence of

Ex: The holiday allows Maria TO WATCH the movie [action]
The demolion of the building ALLOWS FOR new construction [permits the existence of]

72
Q

As….

A

[8 USOS DIFERENTES]

AS I walked, I became more nervous (during)

AS I had already paid, I was unconcerned (because, since)

AS we did last year, we will win this year (in the same way)

JUST AS we did last year, we will win this year (in the same way)

AS the president of the company, she works hard (in the role of)

AS a child, I delivered newspaper (in the stage of being)

My first job was an apprenticeship AS a sketch artist (in the role of)

AS PART OF the arrangement, he received severance

73
Q

AS…AS…

A

AS…AS

NOT AS….AS

AS MANY…AS

THREE TIMES AS MANY…AS

AT LEAST AS MANY…AS

ABOUT AS MANY AS

AS MUCH…AS

NOT SO MUCH… AS

AS MUCH…SO…AS

74
Q

Believe…

A

she BELIEVES THAT Gary IS right

She BELIEVES gary TO BE right

IT IS BELIEVED THAT Gary IS right

Gary IS BELIEVED TO BE right

75
Q

Both…AND…

A

She was interested BOTH in plants AND in animals

76
Q

BUT….

A

I STUDY hard BUT TAKE breaks

I STUDY hard, BUT I TAKE breaks

ALTHOUGH I TAKE frequent naps, I STUDY effectively

DESPITE TAKING frequent naps, I STUDY effectively

77
Q

Either…OR…

A

I will take EITHER the subway OR the bus

78
Q

Expect…

A

TO or THAT

79
Q

From…TO….

A

The price fell FROM 10 euros TO 3 Euros

80
Q

In order to…

A

She drank coffee IN ORDER TO STAY awake

81
Q

Indicate…

A

THAT

82
Q

NOT..BUT…

A

A tomato is NOT a vegetable BUT a fruit

83
Q

NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO…

A

We wore NOT ONLY boots BUT ALSO sandals

84
Q

SO…AS TO..

A

The GMAT has an inconsistent position on this idiom but other authorities consider this idiom correct

Ex: The sauce was SO hot AS TO burn my mouth

85
Q

So…That

A

The book was SO SHORT THAT I could read it in one night

86
Q

SO THAT

A

She gave money SO THAT the school could offer scholarships (purpose)

87
Q

Whether…OR..

A

I decided to eat the food, WHETHER it was tasty OR NOT

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