Verbal Messages Flashcards
As you communicate you use two major signal systems
verbal and nonverbal
verbal messages are those sent with words (orally and written)
Both verbal and nonverbal signals occur simultaneously. Usually, verbal and nonverbal behaviours that ____ or ____ each other.
reinforce or support each
Your entire being works as a whole verbally and nonverbally-to express your ____ and ____.
thoughts and feelings.
verbal and nonverbal signals seems also to help you ____ and ____
think and remember
Example of packed message:
nonverbal signs, photos and chanted slogans combined to communicate a message.
the person who says, “I’m so glad to see you,” but avoids direct eye contact and looks around to see who else is present is sending ____ messages.
contradictory
An awareness of the packaged nature of communication thus suggests
a warning against the too-easy interpretation of another’s meaning
Before you identify or guess the meaning of any bit of behavior, look at
the entire package or cluster of which it is a part, the way in which the cluster is a response to its context, and the role of the specific nonverbal behavior within that cluster.
Meaning depends not only on the packaging of messages but also on the interaction of these messages and the receiver’s own ___ and ___.
thoughts, feelings
You construct meaning out of the messages you receive combined with your own
social and cultural perspectives, for example your own beliefs, attitudes, and values
Do words or messages mean the same thing to two different people
Because meanings are in people -and each person is unique and different from every other person no word or message will mean the same thing to two different people.
denotative meaning is
a rather objective description of an event.
The connotation of a message is its
subjective or emotional meaning.
consider a simple nod of the head in answer to the question, “Do you agree?” This gesture is largely denotative and simply says yes. But what about a wink, a smile, or an overly rapid speech rate? These nonverbal expressions are more ____
connotative: they express your feelings rather than objective information.
The denotative meaning of a message is universal
most people would agree with the denotative meanings and would give similar definitions.
The connotative meaning of a message is
extremely personal and few people would agree on the precise connotative meaning of a word or nonverbal behavior.
Understanding the distinction between denotation and connotation should encourage you to
clarify connotative meanings (or ask for clarification) when you anticipate potential misunderstandings; misunderstandings are almost always centered on connotative differences
Messages vary greatly in abstraction, the degree to which they are ___ or ____.
General or specific
can talk about your talk, write about your writing, and this is
metacommunication.
Can you can also use nonverbal messages to metacommunicate.
Yes, example. You can wink at someone to indicate that you’re only kidding or roll your eyes after saying
“Yeah, that was great,” with your eye movement contradicting the literal meaning of the verbal message.
One of the best ways to look at politeness (consideration, respect, etc.) in interpersonal communication is in terms of both
_____ and _____ politeness.
Positive and negative
Both of positive and negative forms of politeness are responsive to two needs that each person has:
(1) the need to be viewed positively by others, to be thought of favorably (that is, to maintain positive face), and
(2) the need to be autonomous, to have the right to do as we wish (that is, to maintain negative face).
What influences your degree of politeness and how you express politeness
Culture, our personality, professional training and context of communication
Politeness and Directness Messages that support or altack face needs (the latter are called face-threatening acts, often abbreviated to FTAs) are often discussed in terms of direct and indirect language
What is the difference between direct and indirect communication in terms of politeness
Directness is usually less polite and may infringe on a person’s need to maintain negative face.
Indirectness allows the person to maintain autonomy (negative face) and provides an acceptable way for the person to refuse your request.
Politeness in Inclusion and Exclusion
What is the difference
Inclusive messages include all people present, acknowledge the relevance of others, and are normally considered polite. Exclusive messages shut out specific people or entire cultural groups and are normally considered impolite.
Politeness in Inclusion and Exclusion
What is the difference
Inclusive messages include all people present, acknowledge the relevance of others, and are normally considered polite. Exclusive messages shut out specific people or entire cultural groups and are normally considered impolite.
Difference between onymous and anonymous
Onymous- author of message is identified
Anonymous- author of message is unidentified
Analyze Assertive Communications
The first step in increasing your assertiveness
skills is to understand the nature of assertive communications. Observe and analyze the messages of others. Learn to distinguish the differences among
assertive, aggressive, and nonassertive messages.
Rehearse Assertive Communications
One way to rehearse assertiveness is to use
desensitisation techniques such as constructing a hierarchy of visualized situations leading up to this desired behavior.
Four steps to communicating assertively
Describe the problem. Don’t evaluate or judge it.
State how this problem affects you. Tell the person how you feel.
Propose solutions that are workable. Propose solutions that allow the person to save face. Describe or visualize the situation if your solution were put into effect.
Confirm understanding.
Confirmation And Disconfirmation
Have to do with the extent to which you
acknowledge another person
Disconfirmation is
a communication pattern in which you ignore a person’s pres ence as well as that person’s communications. You say, in effect, that the person and what they have to say isn’t worth serious attention.
Confirmation is
you not only acknowledging the presence of the other person but also indicate your acceptance of this person, of this person’s definition of self, and of your relationship as defined or viewed by this other person.
Individual racism involves
the negative attitudes and beliefs that people hold about specific races.
Institutionalized racism is seen in____
patterns
-such as de facto school segregation, companies’ reluctance to hire members of minor ity groups, and banks’ unwillingness to extend mortgages and business loans or charging higher interest rates to members of some races
What is ageism
Prejudice against certain age groups
Individual heterosexism
of attitudes, behaviors, and language that disparage gay men and lesbians and includes the belief that all sexual behavior that is not heterosexual is unnatural and deserving of criticism and condemnation
Institutional heterosexism is
Institutional heterosexism is easy to identify. For example, laws that enable employers to discriminate on the basis of affectional orientation and laws that prohibit adoption of children by gay men or lesbians are good examples.
Institutional sexism, results from
customs and practices that discriminate against people because of their gender. Clear examples in business and industry are the widespread practice of paying women less than men for the same job and the discrimination against women in upper levels of management.
Perhaps the best way to ensure your language is culturally sensitive is to use appropriate _____ _______
Perhaps the best way to ensure your language is culturally sensitive is to use appropriate cultural identifiers the terms used to talk about one’s cultural identification such as gender or religion -in talking to and about members of different groups
Purr words
Highly positive (complimentary)
Snarl words
Highly negative (sexist, racist, derogatory)
Lower levels of abstraction make the message unclear or concrete and specific
Concrete and specific
Abstraction ladder
-lower rungs=
-higher rungs=
-lower general=
-higher general=
-lower level abstraction
-higher level abstraction
- many different interpretations
- more focused interpretation
Positive face
Need to be viewed positively by others
Negative face
Need for autonomy (the right to behave, think, feel as we wish)
Can lying be unintentional
No, it must be intentional in nature
Messages Can Deceive,
Types of Lies
1
2
3
4
- Prosocial: to achieve some good (e.g., to be polite)
- Self-enhancement: impression management (e.g., boasting)
- Selfish: self-protection (e.g., not answering the phone)
- Antisocial: causing deliberate harm (c.g, rumours, false accusations)
