Verbal Messages

Question 1

As you communicate you use two major signal systems

Answer 1

verbal and nonverbal
verbal messages are those sent with words (orally and written)

Question 2

Both verbal and nonverbal signals occur simultaneously. Usually, verbal and nonverbal behaviours that ____ or ____ each other.

Answer 2

reinforce or support each

Question 3

Your entire being works as a whole verbally and nonverbally-to express your ____ and ____.

Answer 3

thoughts and feelings.

Question 4

verbal and nonverbal signals seems also to help you ____ and ____

Answer 4

think and remember

Question 5

Example of packed message:

Answer 5

nonverbal signs, photos and chanted slogans combined to communicate a message.

Question 6

the person who says, “I’m so glad to see you,” but avoids direct eye contact and looks around to see who else is present is sending ____ messages.

Answer 6

contradictory

Question 7

An awareness of the packaged nature of communication thus suggests

Answer 7

a warning against the too-easy interpretation of another’s meaning

Question 8

Before you identify or guess the meaning of any bit of behavior, look at

Answer 8

the entire package or cluster of which it is a part, the way in which the cluster is a response to its context, and the role of the specific nonverbal behavior within that cluster.

Question 9

Meaning depends not only on the packaging of messages but also on the interaction of these messages and the receiver’s own ___ and ___.

Answer 9

thoughts, feelings

Question 10

You construct meaning out of the messages you receive combined with your own

Answer 10

social and cultural perspectives, for example your own beliefs, attitudes, and values

Question 11

Do words or messages mean the same thing to two different people

Answer 11

Because meanings are in people -and each person is unique and different from every other person no word or message will mean the same thing to two different people.

Question 12

denotative meaning is

Answer 12

a rather objective description of an event.

Question 13

The connotation of a message is its

Answer 13

subjective or emotional meaning.

Question 14

consider a simple nod of the head in answer to the question, “Do you agree?” This gesture is largely denotative and simply says yes. But what about a wink, a smile, or an overly rapid speech rate? These nonverbal expressions are more ____

Answer 14

connotative: they express your feelings rather than objective information.

Question 15

The denotative meaning of a message is universal

Answer 15

most people would agree with the denotative meanings and would give similar definitions.

Question 16

The connotative meaning of a message is

Answer 16

extremely personal and few people would agree on the precise connotative meaning of a word or nonverbal behavior.

Question 17

Understanding the distinction between denotation and connotation should encourage you to

Answer 17

clarify connotative meanings (or ask for clarification) when you anticipate potential misunderstandings; misunderstandings are almost always centered on connotative differences

Question 18

Messages vary greatly in abstraction, the degree to which they are ___ or ____.

Answer 18

General or specific

Question 19

can talk about your talk, write about your writing, and this is

Answer 19

metacommunication.

Question 20

Can you can also use nonverbal messages to metacommunicate.

Answer 20

Yes, example. You can wink at someone to indicate that you’re only kidding or roll your eyes after saying
“Yeah, that was great,” with your eye movement contradicting the literal meaning of the verbal message.

Question 21

One of the best ways to look at politeness (consideration, respect, etc.) in interpersonal communication is in terms of both
_____ and _____ politeness.

Answer 21

Positive and negative

Question 22

Both of positive and negative forms of politeness are responsive to two needs that each person has:

Answer 22

(1) the need to be viewed positively by others, to be thought of favorably (that is, to maintain positive face), and
(2) the need to be autonomous, to have the right to do as we wish (that is, to maintain negative face).

Question 23

What influences your degree of politeness and how you express politeness

Answer 23

Culture, our personality, professional training and context of communication

Question 24

Politeness and Directness Messages that support or altack face needs (the latter are called face-threatening acts, often abbreviated to FTAs) are often discussed in terms of direct and indirect language
What is the difference between direct and indirect communication in terms of politeness

Answer 24

Directness is usually less polite and may infringe on a person’s need to maintain negative face.

Indirectness allows the person to maintain autonomy (negative face) and provides an acceptable way for the person to refuse your request.

Question 25

Politeness in Inclusion and Exclusion
What is the difference

Answer 25

Inclusive messages include all people present, acknowledge the relevance of others, and are normally considered polite. Exclusive messages shut out specific people or entire cultural groups and are normally considered impolite.

Question 26

Politeness in Inclusion and Exclusion
What is the difference

Answer 26

Inclusive messages include all people present, acknowledge the relevance of others, and are normally considered polite. Exclusive messages shut out specific people or entire cultural groups and are normally considered impolite.

Question 27

Difference between onymous and anonymous

Answer 27

Onymous- author of message is identified
Anonymous- author of message is unidentified

Question 28

Analyze Assertive Communications
The first step in increasing your assertiveness
skills is to understand the nature of assertive communications. Observe and analyze the messages of others. Learn to distinguish the differences among

Answer 28

assertive, aggressive, and nonassertive messages.

Question 29

Rehearse Assertive Communications
One way to rehearse assertiveness is to use

Answer 29

desensitisation techniques such as constructing a hierarchy of visualized situations leading up to this desired behavior.

Question 30

Four steps to communicating assertively

Answer 30

Describe the problem. Don’t evaluate or judge it.
State how this problem affects you. Tell the person how you feel.
Propose solutions that are workable. Propose solutions that allow the person to save face. Describe or visualize the situation if your solution were put into effect.
Confirm understanding.

Question 31

Confirmation And Disconfirmation

Have to do with the extent to which you

Answer 31

acknowledge another person

Question 32

Disconfirmation is

Answer 32

a communication pattern in which you ignore a person’s pres ence as well as that person’s communications. You say, in effect, that the person and what they have to say isn’t worth serious attention.

Question 33

Confirmation is

Answer 33

you not only acknowledging the presence of the other person but also indicate your acceptance of this person, of this person’s definition of self, and of your relationship as defined or viewed by this other person.

Question 34

Individual racism involves

Answer 34

the negative attitudes and beliefs that people hold about specific races.

Question 35

Institutionalized racism is seen in____

Answer 35

patterns
-such as de facto school segregation, companies’ reluctance to hire members of minor ity groups, and banks’ unwillingness to extend mortgages and business loans or charging higher interest rates to members of some races

Question 36

What is ageism

Answer 36

Prejudice against certain age groups

Question 37

Individual heterosexism

Answer 37

of attitudes, behaviors, and language that disparage gay men and lesbians and includes the belief that all sexual behavior that is not heterosexual is unnatural and deserving of criticism and condemnation

Question 38

Institutional heterosexism is

Answer 38

Institutional heterosexism is easy to identify. For example, laws that enable employers to discriminate on the basis of affectional orientation and laws that prohibit adoption of children by gay men or lesbians are good examples.

Question 39

Institutional sexism, results from

Answer 39

customs and practices that discriminate against people because of their gender. Clear examples in business and industry are the widespread practice of paying women less than men for the same job and the discrimination against women in upper levels of management.

Question 40

Perhaps the best way to ensure your language is culturally sensitive is to use appropriate _____ _______

Answer 40

Perhaps the best way to ensure your language is culturally sensitive is to use appropriate cultural identifiers the terms used to talk about one’s cultural identification such as gender or religion -in talking to and about members of different groups

Question 41

Purr words

Answer 41

Highly positive (complimentary)

Question 42

Snarl words

Answer 42

Highly negative (sexist, racist, derogatory)

Question 43

Lower levels of abstraction make the message unclear or concrete and specific

Answer 43

Concrete and specific

Question 44

Abstraction ladder
-lower rungs=
-higher rungs=
-lower general=
-higher general=

Answer 44

-lower level abstraction
-higher level abstraction
- many different interpretations
- more focused interpretation

Question 45

Positive face

Answer 45

Need to be viewed positively by others

Question 46

Negative face

Answer 46

Need for autonomy (the right to behave, think, feel as we wish)

Question 47

Can lying be unintentional

Answer 47

No, it must be intentional in nature

Question 48

Messages Can Deceive,
Types of Lies
1
2
3
4

Answer 48

1. Prosocial: to achieve some good (e.g., to be polite)
2. Self-enhancement: impression management (e.g., boasting)
3. Selfish: self-protection (e.g., not answering the phone)
4. Antisocial: causing deliberate harm (c.g, rumours, false accusations)