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JLPT N5 > Verb Conjugation (どうしのかつよう) > Flashcards

Verb Conjugation (どうしのかつよう) Flashcards

1
Q

「食べてちゃいけません」
「飲んでじゃいけません」

◯ちゃいけません «ていねいご»
◯ちゃいけない «タメ口»
◯ちゃダメ  «タメ口»
（verb in て form）

◯じゃいけません «ていねいご»
◯じゃいけない «タメ口»
◯じゃダメ «タメ口»
（verb in て form but special で ending）

A

must not do ◯

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2
Q

「食べませんか」

◯ませんか «ていねいご»
（verb in ません form）+か

A

would you like to ◯?; do you want to ◯?; shall we ◯?

literal: shouldn’t [we/you] ◯?

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3
Q

「食べましょう」

◯ましょう «ていねいご»
（verb in ます form minus す）

「食べるでしょう」
◯でしょう «ていねいご»
◯よう «タメ口»
（verb in dictionary form）

A

Presumptive / Volitional
• Generally used to express probability, belief or intention.
“will probably ◯”

• Can also be used to express intention
“let’s ◯”

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4
Q

「食べましょうか」

◯ましょうか
（verb in ましょう form）+か

A

shall I ◯?

used to offer help to the listener

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5
Q

「食べないで」
◯ないで
A ないで B
（verb in ない form）+で

A

without doing ◯
To do B without doing A

If no action follows ないで, it turns into a request.
(See: ◯ないでください)

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6
Q

◯てください
◯て
（verb in て form）

◯ないでください
◯ないで
[verb in nai form] +で +ください
[verb in nai form] +で

A

please do ◯
do ◯

please don’t do ◯
don’t do ◯

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7
Q 
◯ないといけません
◯ないといけない
◯ないと
[verb in nai form] +と +いけません
[verb in nai form] +と +いけない
[verb in nai form] +と
A

must do ◯; have an obligation to do ◯

literal: shouldn’t NOT do ◯

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8
Q

◯なくてもいい
◯なくていい
[verb in naku form] +ても +いい
[verb in naku form] +て +いい

A

don’t have to ◯; indicates permission to not do ◯

literal: it’s OK to not do ◯

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9
Q

◯なくちゃ

[verb in naku form] +ちゃ

A

must do ◯; need to ◯; gotta do ◯ (casual)

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10
Q

◯てはいけません
◯てはいけない
[verb in te form] +は +いけません
[verb in te form] +は +いけない

◯なくてはいけません
◯なくてはいけない
[verb in naku form] +ては +いけません
[verb in naku form] +ては +いけない

A

must not ◯; may not ◯; cannot ◯
literal: shouldn’t do ◯

have to do ◯; need to do ◯
literal: shouldn’t NOT do ◯

Similar to ◯なくてはならない

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11
Q

◯なくてはなりません
◯なくてはならない
[verb in naku form] +ては +なりません
[verb in naku form] +ては +ならない

A

have to do ◯; need to do ◯

literal: mustn’t NOT do ◯

Similar to ◯なくてはいけない

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12
Q

◯に行く

◯にいく

A

to go to do ◯

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13
Q

◯にします

◯にする

A

to decide on ◯; to choose ◯

literal: doing ◯

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14
Q

◯たことがあります
◯たことがある
[verb in ta form] +こと +が +あります
[verb in ta form] +こと +が +ある

A

to have ◯ before

literal: I possess / have the matter of ◯

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15
Q

◯たことがありません
◯たことがない
[verb in ta form] +こと +が +ありません
[verb in ta form] +こと +が +ない

A

to have not ◯ before

literal: I do not possess / have the matter of ◯

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16
Q

◯たい
◯たかった

◯たくない
◯くなかった

A

want to do ◯
wanted to do ◯

do not want to do ◯
did not want to do ◯

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17
Q

◯てあります
◯てある
[verb in te form] +あります
[verb in te form] +ある

A

Something is intentionally done and you can see the resulting state of that action.
It is similar to using past tense form, but different in that it places emphasis on the action being done intentionally and the end result still being visible.

『ドアが開けてある。』 (doa ga akete aru.)
“The door has been left open (intentionally).”
In this case, it’s a bit more clear that the focus is on the end result. Not on the action of opening the door, but that the door has been left open.

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18
Q

◯ありました
◯あった
[verb in te form] +ありました
[verb in te form] +あった

A

Something WAS intentionally done / prepared and you can see the resulting state.
It is similar to using past tense form, but different in that it places emphasis on the action being done intentionally and the end result still being visible.

『保存してあったファイルが消えてしまった。』 (hozon shite atta fairu ga kiete shimatta.)
“The file I had saved (prepared) was deleted.”
This case focuses on the preparation that was done; the file was already saved and prepared.

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19
Q

◯ています
◯ている
[verb in te form] +います
[verb in te form] +いる

A

• currently doing; ongoing action or current state
見る (miru) to look; to watch
見ている (mite iru) looking; watching; seeing

• continuously doing until now
『先生の話を聞いているの？』 (sensei no hanashi o kiite iru no?)
“Have you been listening to what the teacher is saying?”
『5年間日本語を勉強しています。』 (go nenkan nihongo o benkyou shite imasu.)
“I have been studying Japanese for 5 years.”

• what you are doing now in general, not at just this particular moment.
『面白い本を読んでいる。』 (omoshiroi hon o yonde iru.)
“I am reading (currently or in general) an interesting book.”

• habitual / frequent actions
『いつも自転車で通勤している。』 (itsumo jitensha de tsukin shite iru.)
“I always commute by bicycle.”

• current state of something, what something looks like, or that something was left in a certain state.
『彼はお父さんと似ている。』 (kare wa otou-san to nite iru.)
“He looks (seems) like his father.”

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20
Q

◯ていません
◯ていない
[verb in te form] +いません
[verb in te form] +いない

A

• not currently doing; ongoing action or current state
『宿題をやっていない。』 (shukudai o yatte inai.)
“Currently not doing homework.”

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21
Q

◯てから

[verb in te form] +から

A

after doing ◯

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22
Q 
◯てもいいです
◯てもいい
[verb in te form] +も +いい +です
[い adjective in kute form] +も +いい +です
[な adjective] +でも +いい +です
[noun] +でも +いい +です

◯てもいいですか
◯てもいい?

A

it’s OK to ◯; it’s alright to ◯; you may ◯

with か or ?: is it OK to ◯?; is it alright to ◯?; may I ◯?

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23
Q

◯つもりです
◯つもりだ

◯つもりはありません
◯つもりはない
[verb] +つもり +は +ありません
[verb] +つもり +は +ない

A

plan to ◯; intend to ◯

don’t plan to ◯; don’t intend to ◯

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24
Q

◯ます

◯る

A

Dictionary Form / Imperfective Form / Plain Form
(also known as the “non-past”, “short form”, and the “attributive form”)

Equivalent to the present and future tenses of English.
It is used to express actions that are assumed to continue, habitual / reoccurring actions, or future intentions.

「すしを食べる？」・assumption to continue action
“Do [you] eat sushi?”

「毎しゅうまつかいものする」・habit / reoccurring action
“Every weekend, [I] go shopping.”

「明日勉強する」・future intention
“Tomorrow, [I’ll] study.”

The dictionary form cannot be used to make a progressive continuous statement, such as “I am shopping”. To do so, the verb must first be conjugated into its te form and attached to the いる (iru) auxiliary verb.

25
Q

◯ろ

◯な
[verb dictionary form] +な

A

Imperative / Command

do ◯!
don’t ◯!

  • Generally too abrupt for most situations other than telling off children or husbands
26
Q 
◯ました
◯ いた / いだ / った / んだ / した
[verb -ku] replace with いた
[verb -gu] replace with いだ
[verb -u -tsu or -ru] replace with った
[verb -nu -bu or -mu] replace with んだ
[verb -su] replace with した

◯ませんでした
◯なかった

A

Past Indicative

The past indicative mood is actions completed in the past (I ate, I worked etc) and also for the equivalent of the present perfect in English (I have eaten, I have worked etc)

27
Q

◯ていました
◯ていた
[verb in te form] +いました
[verb in te form] +いた

◯ていませんでした
[verb in te form] +いませんでした

A

Past Progressive

Used for past continuous action or state of being.

Neko ga isu no ue de nete imashita.
“The cat was sleeping on the chair.”

28
Q

◯ましたら
◯たら

◯ませんでしたら
◯なかったら

A

Conditional (-tara form)

Used for wide range of conditional and if meanings, past occurrences, hypothesis etc.

Ii hon wa dattara, kaimasu
“If it was a good book I’d buy it.”

Takakatarra kaimasen
“If it’s expensive I won’t buy it.”

29
Q

◯させます
◯させる

◯させません
◯させない

A

Causative

Expresses the idea of making or causing someone to do something.
It can also mean “let” or “allow”.

Musuko ni benkyo sasemashita
“I made my son study.”

Watakushi ni harawasete kudasai
“Please let me pay”

30
Q

◯られます
◯られる

◯られません
◯られない

A

Passive

The passive - like in English - is used when something is done to someone/something by someone/something else.

Kuruma ga nusumaremashita
“My car was stolen.”

Sono hon wa kyonen kakaremashita
“The book was written last year.”

The passive can also be used in a slightly different way in Japanese to express when something regrettable happens to someone. Eg. rather than saying Fred’s mother died (Fred san no okasan shinimashita) the passive could be used to express regret over the situation: Fred san wa okasan ni shinarimashita

31
Q

What is a 五段動詞 (ごだんどうし)?

A

A ‘fifth-row verb’ a.k.a. a Class-5 verb, known colloquially in English as an ‘u-verb’.

32
Q

What is a 一段動詞 (いちだんどうし)?

A

A ‘one-row verb’ a.k.a. a Class-1 verb, known colloquially in English as a ‘ru-verb’.

33
Q

What is a 不規則動詞 (ふきそくどうし)?

A

An ‘irregular verb’, most notably: する (to do) and 来る (to come).

34
Q

What makes 五段動詞 (ごだんどうし) different from 一段動詞 (いちだんどうし)?

A

In ごだん verbs, the different verb forms end in different vowels depending on the verb conjugation, and the kana for these span all five rows of the gojūon kana table (hence, the classification as a class-5 verb).

The unchanging portion of a ごだん verb stem can be analyzed as ending in a consonant, so some writers describe these verbs as “consonant-stem” verbs.

Example: 読む (to read)
読まない • yoMAnai
読みます • yoMImasu
読む • yoMU
読める • yoMEru
読もう • yoMOu
(ma, mi, mu, me, mo)
35
Q

What is a “consonant-stem” どうし?

A

A “consonant-stem” verb is known more commonly as a Class-5 verb, a.k.a. 五段動詞 (ごだんどうし)

The unchanging portion of a ごだん verb stem can be analyzed as ending in a consonant, so some writers describe these verbs as “consonant-stem” verbs.

Example: 読む (to read)
読まない • yoMAnai
読みます • yoMImasu
読む • yoMU
読める • yoMEru
読もう • yoMOu
(ma, mi, mu, me, mo)
36
Q

What makes 一段動詞 (いちだんどうし) different from 五段動詞 (ごだんどうし)?

A

いちだん verbs are simpler to conjugate: the final kana, which is always る (ru), is simply replaced with the appropriate inflectional suffix.

The unchanging portion of an いちだん verb stem can be analyzed as ending in a vowel, so some writers describe these verbs as “vowel-stem verbs”.

Example: 見る (to see)
みない
みます
みる
みられる
みよう
(mi, mi, mi, mi, mi)
37
Q

What is a “vowel-stem” どうし?

A

A “vowel-stem” verb is known more commonly as a Class-1 verb, a.k.a. 一段動詞 (いちだんどうし)

The unchanging portion of an いちだん verb stem can be analyzed as ending in a vowel, so some writers describe these verbs as “vowel-stem verbs”.

Example: 見る (to see)
みない
みます
みる
みられる
みよう
(mi, mi, mi, mi, mi)
38
Q

What is 活用形 (かつようけい)?

A

かつようけい are “conjugation forms,” sometimes called “inflection forms.” They are known as the ‘stem’ or ‘base’ of a verb.
Verb bases function as the necessary stem forms to which inflectional suffixes attach.

39
Q

What is 辞書形 (じしょけい)?

A

じしょけい is the imperfective form of a verb, commonly referred to as “dictionary form” and sometimes “plain form.”
The dictionary form of a verb is treated as the starting conjugation and form from which others are derived.

40
Q

How is a 一段動詞 (いちだんどうし) conjugated?

A

With いちだん verbs, the verb base (かつようけい) is derived by removing or replacing the final る (ru) kana.

みる -> みます、 みません、etc.

41
Q

How is a 五段動詞 (ごだんどうし) conjugated?

A

With ごだん verbs, the verb base (かつようけい) is derived by shifting the final kana along the respective vowel row of the gojūon kana table.

Example: 読む (to read)
読まない • yoMAnai
読みます • yoMImasu
読む • yoMU
読める • yoMEru
読もう • yoMOu
(ma, mi, mu, me, mo)
42
Q

What form of copula is です?

A

Dictionary form of ですcopula.

43
Q

What form of copula is だ?

A

Informal dictionary form of だ copula.

44
Q

What form of copula is じゃない?

A

Negative colloquial form of だ copula.

Compatible with all negative tense conjugations (such as the negative past tense or the negative -te form).

45
Q

What form of copula is じゃありません?

A

Negative colloquial form of ですcopula.

Conjugated into the past tense by appending でした as a suffix (じゃありませんでした).

46
Q

What form of copula is ではない?

A

Negative formal form of だ copula.

Compatible with all negative tense conjugations (such as the negative past tense or the negative -te form).

47
Q

What form of copula is ではありません?

A

Negative formal form of ですcopula.

Conjugated into the past tense by appending でした as a suffix (ではありませんでした).

48
Q

What form of copula is でした?

A

Past tense form of ですcopula.

Compatible with the ~tara conditional.

49
Q

What form of copula is だった?

A

Past tense form of だ copula.

Compatible with the ~tara conditional.

50
Q

What form of copula is ならば?

A

Conditional (“if”) form of だ copula.

51
Q

What form of copula is であれば?

A

Conditional (“if”) form of です copula.

52
Q

What form of copula is だろう?

A

Conjecture (“probably”) form of だ copula.

53
Q

What form of copula is でしょう?

A

Conjecture (“probably”) form of です copula.

54
Q

What is the difference between だ and です?

A

Both have the same meaning, but there is some nuance between them.

だ is more casual, and is usually used in reference to the speaker’s own self, personal space, or world/life – emphasizing one’s own personal expression, thoughts, feelings, or experiences.
When expressing your inner state, だ can be used even when speaking in the presence of someone to whom you would use polite speech. This is because your use of だ communicates that the purpose of the statement is self-expression and not actually directed at or about the listener.

です is more polite, and can be used in reference to things outside of the speaker’s self, personal space, belongings, life, etc.

55
Q

What do the following terms refer to?
タメ口 (タメぐち)
タメ語 (タメご)
くだけた日本語 (くだけたにほんご)

A

These terms refer to what’s known as casual speech or informal speech – speaking to someone else as an equal (without using humble/honorific or formal language), not above or below you in status.
The term タメ was originally a gambling term, referring to when a pair of dice landed on the same number.

56
Q

What is 敬語 (けいご)?

A

敬語 (けいご) is what is known as honorific speech, sometimes referred to as “respectful speech.”
It is a step higher than ていねいご in politeness. This is the style used when speaking to someone significantly higher in rank.

尊敬語 (そんけいご) or respectful language, is used when talking about the exalted listener, or people or things related to them
謙譲語 (けんじょうご) or humble language, is used when talking about things related to oneself.

57
Q

「食べません」

◯ません «ていねいご»
◯ない «タメ口»

A

Negative Form

58
Q

What is 丁寧語 (ていねいご)?

A

丁寧語 (ていねいご) is what is known as polite / formal speech, and is the most common form of speaking. It is more polite than タメ口 (タメぐち) and less polite than 敬語 (けいご)

59
Q

「食べませんでしょう」

◯ませんでしょう «ていねいご»
◯ないでしょう «タメ口»

（verb in ません or ない form）＋でしょう

A

Presumptive / Volitional Negative
• Generally used to express probability, belief or intention.
“probably won’t ◯”

• Can also be used to express intention
“let’s not ◯”

JLPT N5 (8 decks)

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