Particles, Grammar (じょし、ぶんぽう) Flashcards
◯だけ
• only, just, limited to
『ローマ字だけの辞書。』 (rōmaji dake no jisho)
“Romaji-only dictionary”
• as much as, this much 『寝たいだけ寝ていい。』 (netai dake nete ii) "You can sleep as much as you want." 『これだけしてるのに。』 (kore dake shiteru no ni) "Even though I'm doing this much." / "Even though I'm doing as much as this."
◯が
• subject of the sentence
『猫が餌を食べた。』 (neko ga esa o tabeta.)
“The cat [is the thing that] ate the cat food.”
- the person or thing before が is doing or being something.
• but (formal)
『猫は好きだが、犬は嫌いだ。』 (neko wa suki da ga, inu wa kirai da.)
“I like cats, but hate dogs.”
• whether (or not)
『行くか知らない。』 (iku ka shiranai.)
I don’t know whether he’ll go.
• indication of doubt
『行くかと思いますが…』 (iku ka to omoimasu ga…)
I think he’ll go (but I’m not sure)…
◯か
question marker, equivalent to a ‘?’
◯か、◯か、◯か、etc.
or
『これか、それか。』 (kore ka, sore ka.)
“This or that?”
◯や、◯や、◯や、etc.
- and; with; as; connecting particle
* implies more than what you list
◯など
• etc.; and so on
• things like ◯; ◯ and things similar
『ソビエトなど』 (sobieto nado)
“The Soviet (Union) and things like it.”
◯とか
- something like ◯
- ◯ or something (vague)
- such as, and so on; used when listing something part of a larger group of similar things
◯ですから
A ですから B
◯から
A から B
[verb] +です +から
[noun] +だ +です +から
[な-adjective] +だ +です +から
[い-adjective in い form] +です +から
• because of ◯ / because of [A], [B]
expresses a cause and effect type relationship.
• from ◯ / [A] from [B]
• since ◯ / [A] since [B]
does not imply a cause and effect relationship – instead, it focuses on what comes before から
『このシャツは彼女からもらった。』 (kono shatsu wa kanojo kara moratta.)
“I got this shirt from my girlfriend.”
『生まれた時からアメリカに住んでいる。』 (umareta toki kara amerika ni sundeiru.)
“I have been living in America since I was born.”
A から B まで
- from A to B
- from A until B
- from A as far as B
◯まで
- until ◯
- to ◯
- as far as ◯
- even ◯
◯けれども
◯けれど
◯けど
A けれども B
A けれど B
A けど B
although ◯; despite ◯
Although [A], [B]; Despite [A], [B]
『疲れていたけれども、相手をしてやった。』 (tsukarete ita keredomo, aite o shite yatta.)
“Although I was tired, I kept him company.” / “Despite being tired, I kept him company.”
『彼女は可笑しいけど綺麗だ。』 (kanojo wa okashii kedo kirei da.)
“She is strange but pretty.” / “Although she’s strange, she’s pretty.” / “Despite being strange, she’s pretty.”
◯も
too; also; as well
◯なあ
◯な
• sentence-ending particle
(informal, mild emphatic) sentence-final particle indicating emotion or mild emphasis
『そうかな。』 (sō ka na.)
“Huh, is that so.”
◯のだ
◯んだ
• sentence-ending particle
• masculine emphasis
『気分が良くないんですよ。』 (kibun ga yokunai ndesu yo.)
“I’m not feeling well.”
◯ね
• sentence-ending particle
• seeking agreement when speaker and listener have the same opinions, feelings, or information
“isn’t it?”
• agreeing with speaker
“it is” / “you’re right”
• seeking confirmation on information or knowledge
“right?”
• expressing a thought or attempting to recall something
“hmm~”
◯よ
• sentence-ending particle
• to inform the listener of something they don’t know (informal)
『今日は雨ですよ。』
• attempting to persuade the listener (informal)
『インドのカレーは辛くないですよ。』
• acceptance or permission - implying you are the authorized person / permission giver (informal)
『いいですよ。』
◯よね
- sentence-ending particle
- same use as ね, but used when you are less certain
- ね is more suitable when you seek agreement or confirmation for something obvious – よね is more suitable for something not obvious.
◯でしょう
- more polite than だろう
- less masculine than だろう
• shows the speaker’s inference or guess from some information they have
• similar usage to ね, よ, or よね, but more polite and less presumptuous
『雨がふるでしょう』 (ame ga furu deshou)
“It might rain.”
• to show when something (probably) will happen
『明日、雨がふるでしょう』 (ashita, ame ga furu deshou)
“It will probably rain tomorrow.” / “It’s reasonable to expect rain tomorrow.”
◯に
A に B
• destination particle; in; on; to
に is used to indicate object locations, destinations or directions (in the absence of a specific action / event).
at ◯; in ◯
[B] is at [A]; [B] is in [A]
• on (day / time)
に indicates the specific time when an action is performed.
on ◯; at ◯
[B] is on [A]; B is at [A]
『３時に』 (san ji ni)
“At 3 o’clock”
◯へ
to; towards (indicates direction / destination)
- Pronounced ‘e’ not ‘he’
◯の
A の B
possessive particle
◯’s / [A]’s [B]
of ◯ / [B] of [A]
◯のです
- sentence-ending particle
- polite emphasis
- explaining your reasoning
◯なのです
◯なのだ
- sentence-ending particle
- strong assertion
- explaining your reasoning
◯のだ
• sentence-ending particle
• an assertion that emphasizes the cause or reasoning
• provides explanatory, secondary, or supporting information (which could be a reason, a cause, or other fact the speaker feels would aid in the listener’s understanding).
• request to the listener to take a certain action
• an intention to ask for the listener’s intention or the facts
『一体全体どう違うのだ？』(ittaizentai dō chigau no da?)
“What in the world is the difference?”
◯の
[verb] +の
[い-adjective] +の
[noun] +な +の
[な-adjective in な form] +の
• sentence-ending particle
• feminine or soft assertion 『すっごくぶさほうなのよ』 (suggoku busahō na no yo) "It's very rude, you know." • feminine, soft explaining your reasoning • feminine, casual question ending 『何をしているの?』 (nani wo shiteiru no?) "What are you doing?"
- The な is only there if you use it after a noun or a na-adjective
◯ので
A ので B
[verb] +ので
[い-adjective] +ので
[な-adjective in な form] +ので
[noun] +な +
because of ◯; given that ◯; since ◯; due to ◯;
[A], so [B]; Because of [A], [B]; Due to [A], [B]
◯のに
[verb] +のに
[noun] +な +のに
[な-adjective in な form] +のに
[い-adjective] +のに
even though ◯
A を B
object marker / target of a verb
NounをVerb
肉を食べる
◯たり、◯たり、◯たり、etc.
doing things like ◯, ◯, and ◯
do such things as ◯, ◯, and ◯
