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solar system > Venus > Flashcards

Venus Flashcards

1
Q

whats is the mass of venus compared to earth?

A

0.82 x

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2
Q

what is the radius of venus compares to earth?

A

0.95 x

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3
Q

what is the surface gravity of venus compared to earth?

A

0.9 x

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4
Q

what is the mean orbital radius?

A

0.72 au , almost circular

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5
Q

what is the maximum elongation of venus?

A

48 degrees from sun as seen from earth

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6
Q

what is the albedo?

A

76%, brightest object in sky after sun and moon

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7
Q

does venus have phases?

A

yes, bigger than mercurys’ and can be seen with binoculars.

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8
Q

what phase of venus is the brightest?

A

crescent

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9
Q

when is venus visible?

A

evening or morning.

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10
Q

rotation period of venus?

A

ranges from 22 hours up to 224.7 days

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11
Q

what did photographic observations show in 1950s?

A

a y shaped feature gave a 4 day retrograde (reverse) rotation.

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12
Q

what did radar measurements show in 1961?

A

surface rotated in a period of 243 days and was retrograde

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13
Q

why does venus have a high albedo?

A

clouds of venus reflect sunlight

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14
Q

what did spectroscopic measurements in 1930 show?

A

CO2 major constituent

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15
Q

what did radio observations show?

A

that surface temp is hot about 500 degrees

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16
Q

what is the composition of the atmosphere?

A 
96% carbon dioxide
3.5% nitrogen
traces of so2 
water vapor h20
sulphuric acid h2s04 (acid rain)
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17
Q

what is the temp at the cloud tops?

A

-30 degrees

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18
Q

what is the pressure at the surface?

A

90 atmospheres

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19
Q

what distances do the sulfuric acid clouds form?

A

between 48-60 km from ground

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20
Q

how is the expected temperature calculated?

A

Tplanet = TSun (1 − a)^0.25√RSun/2d

Tplanet= expected temp in kelvin of planet
d= distance from sun
a= albedo (a=1 then 100% reflection)
21
Q

why is venus much hotter?

A

green house gases
visible light penetrates clouds and gets to surface- warmed and re-radiates in the infrared.
re-radiated energy is absorbed and heat is trapped near surface

22
Q

what did mariner 10?

A

flyby photos of cloud tops taken in ultraviolet showed rapidly moving circulation, only 4 days to circle planet speeds of 360 km/h- retrograde direction

23
Q

what did veneras do?

A

beneath clouds, landing probes on surface

24
Q

what did veneras find out?

A 
hostile planet
90x pressure that earth at sea level
landscape- heap of stones- sharp edges and smooth
wind speeds sluggish
sunlight casts shadows
25
Q

what did the pioneer venus orbiter do?

A

moniter cloud motions, while probes recorded data on temp, pressure and composition with altitude

26
Q

what did the magellan do?

A

detailed radar map of entire surface- no magnetic field

27
Q

what did venus express do and when launched?

A

nov 2005
arrived april 2006
found evidence for past oceans and confirmed presence of lightning by studying atmosphere and clouds

28
Q

what did venera 9 show?

A

scree on a hill (15-25 degrees) slope, field of flat boulders,separated by sharp stones and dust

29
Q

what did venera 10 show?

A

older more weathered, smoother surface

gamma ray spectrometer revealed volcanic rock, basalt

30
Q

what did venera 13 show?

A

phoebe regio: rock-strewn plain, with outcrops and patches of dark, fine-grained material.
evidence of chemical erosion.
soil showed basalt and potassium

31
Q

what did venera 14 show?

A

less-fine grained material
regular layers of rocky,broken plates
basalts similar to earths seabed

32
Q

average density of venus?

A

5.3 g/cm^3

33
Q

which features reflect better?

A

a hard flat surface better than powdered one

earth facing slope better than oblique

34
Q

what was the pioneer venus the first to attempt 1978?

A

orbit radar around venus

35
Q

how did the pioneer venus take its recordings?

A

using radar altimeter which bounced microwaves off surface. Built up a map in strips as venus rotated. mapped 93% of surface- resolution of 50km

36
Q

what are the 3 general types of terrain on venus?

A

1: rolling plains (65%)
2: highlands (8%)
3: lowlands (27%)

37
Q

Describe features of rolling plains

A

lying within 500m of mean level, numerous craters and circular basins, some filled with lava.
Some volcanic, some impact
large and shallow.

38
Q

what are the three major regions of highlands?

A

ishtar terra, aphrodite terra, beta regio

39
Q

what are the features of ishtar terra?

A

size of australia. lofty plateau (3km). several mountains, including maxwell montes which is highest of venus volcanic region

40
Q

what are the features of aphrodite terra?

A

size of africa, rough and broken mountains

41
Q

what are the features of beta regio?

A

two large shield volcanoes, rhea and theia mons. 4km high and lie on fault line.

42
Q

what do the valley and trench systems imply?

A

tectonic activity played a role in formation of these regions

43
Q

why does water vapour increase green house gases on venus compared to earth?

A

no seas to dissolve co2 it in.

44
Q

what did eventually happen with the water?

A

dissociated into hydrogen which escapes and oxygen which reacted with rocks

45
Q

what is a transit of mercury and venus?

A

because closer to sun, get between earth and sun on occasion and can be seen as dark discs moving across solar surface

46
Q

why is there more opportunities to see a transit of mercury?

A

orbits the sun more quickly

47
Q

why does the geometric alignment of mercury only occur every 7 years in may or november?

A

the plane of mercurys orbit is tilted by 7 degrees with respect to that of earth

48
Q

what is the orbital plane of venus with respect to earths orbit?

A

inclined by 3.4 degrees so takes 8 years in pairs in june or december, each pair separated by 106 or 121 years

49
Q

what can transits be used for?

A

to measure parallax angle

solar system (9 decks)

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