Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Echo 2 > Ventricular Systolic Function > Flashcards

Ventricular Systolic Function Flashcards

1
Q

LV systolic function

A

Ventricles pump blood into systemic and pulmonary circulation
Ensure adequate perfusion to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is systolic dysfunction

A

Inability to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In systolic dysfunction what happens

A

Decreases in SV/EF
Increase in preload (LVEDP)
?CHF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diastole is

A

Ventricular distension/ relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is starling’s law

A

As filling occurs, stretch in muscle develops tension/strength for contraction, generate negative pressure gradient to ensure venous return, coronary arteries fill during this time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ventricular systole is produced by and what is it followed by

A

Depolarization of the ventricles

Followed by mechanical contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What produces increased pressure within LV and RV

A

Ventricular myocardium contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the phases of systole

A

Isovolumic contraction

Ventricular ejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is isovolumic contraction

A

All valves closed, ventricular pressure is building up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens in the ventricular ejection phase

A

Atrio-ventricular valves closed
Semilunar valves open caused by pressure gradient between LV and aorta
Ejection occurs until ventricular pressure equalizes within the great vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the sequence of systole

A

Myocardial depolarization —>contraction—>ejection
Electrical stimulation of the heart that results in a contraction of the myocardium
Pressure increases, causing a reduction of the internal volume of the chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the timing of systole

A

IVCT- onset of QRS complex

Ejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When does ejection of systole start

A

AV opens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When does systolic ejection end

A

When the AV closes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the pressures of the AO

A

Systolic: 120mmHg
Diastolic: 70mmHg
Mean: 85mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the pressures in the PA

A

Systolic: 25mmHg
Diastolic: 10mmHg
Mean: 16mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the mean pressure of the LA

A

10mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the mean pressure of the RA

A

4mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the pressures of the RV

A

Systolic: 25mmHg
Diastolic: 4mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the pressures of the LV

A

Systolic: 120mmHg
Diastolic: 10mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

After depolarization of the ventricular muscle what starts to contract

A

LV/RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does contraction increase

A

Intra-cavitary pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pressure rises until it exceeds what

A

AO/PA pressure which opens the AV/PV and blood is ejected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

After ejection what happens

A

LV/RV pressure falls below the AO and PA, which closes the AV and PV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The pressure keeps falling during relaxation until what

A

MV and TV open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Filling sees a large change in ___ with only a slight ____ in ______.

A

Volume
Increase
Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The LV has what kind of pressure volume loop

A

Rectangular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The RV has what kind of pressure volume loop

A

Triangular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why is the RV different from the LV pressure volume loop

A

Lower pressure are on the right side

Lowers impedance of the pulmonary vascular bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Even after the peak pressure is reached, flow continues to enter where and from where

A

The PA from the RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Determinates of SV

A

Preload
Afterload
Contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Preload is

A

Muscle length or stretch at end-diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Since the intact heart cannot be measures we estimate preload by using

A

LVEDV
PVEDP
LA pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Changes in preload alter what

A

The end-diastolic volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Altering the end-diastolic volume caused by the change in preload increases the what

A

Amount of stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Afterload is

A

The tension that the LV must overcome before fiber shortening and contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What affects afterload

A

Changes in ventricular volume, wall thickness or vascular resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Is the LV or the RV more sensitive to afterload

A

RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is contractility

A

Inherent strength of the cardiac muscle and ablility to shorten as it contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Changing any one the three determinants of stroke volume will do what

A

Affect the other two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the factors the increase stroke volume

A

Increased preload
Decreased afterload
Increased inotropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the factors that decrease stroke volume

A

Decrease preload
Increase afterload
Decrease inotropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Fractional shortening and ejection fraction are what kind of systolic measurement

A

Quantitative

44
Q

What are the volumetric assessments of LV systolic function

A 
Simpson’s EF 
Area length method 
stroke volume -> cardiac output, cardiac index 
Dp/Dt
Tissue doppler 
MPI 
global strain
45
Q

What are the qualitative LV systolic function measurements

A

Visual kinetic analysis (global EF estimation)

Segmental wall motion analysis

46
Q

What are the 4 different types of segmental wall motion analysis

A

Normal
Hypokinetic
Akinetic
Dyskinetic

47
Q

What is the normal value for a parasternal EF

48
Q

What is the normal value for fractional shortening

49
Q

What is the normal Simpson’s EF for males

50
Q

What is the normal Simpson’s EF for females

51
Q

% of change in the minor axis dimension has a correlation to what

52
Q

When to measure end diastolic

A

Isovolumic contraction time

  • onset of the QRS complex
  • frame after MV closure
  • frame where LV diameter/dimension is largest
53
Q

When to measure end systole

A

Isovolumic relaxation time

  • the frame preceding MV opening
  • when the LV is the smallest
  • near the end of the T wave
54
Q

When peak downward displacement if the septum is abnormal what should be used for timing

A

The peak upward displacement if the posterior wall

55
Q

Increasing what can help the linear EF with abnormal IVS

A

Frame rate

56
Q

Simpson’s biplane is also called the

A

Method of disks

57
Q

What does the Simpson’s biplane method rely on

A

Endocardium tracing in 2 apical views

58
Q

What are the 2 apical views that the Simpson’s biplane uses

59
Q

The length of the LV should extend from where to where

A

The middle of the MV annulus to the true LV apex

60
Q

If the true apex cannot be seen well, what should not be done

61
Q

Ensure that the LV central axis in diastole or length does not differ between the A4C and A2C views by more than what

62
Q

What is derived from the volumetric assessment

A

Stroke volume

Ejection fraction

63
Q

What is the cardiac output equation

A

CO= SV x HR

64
Q

What is the equation for the volumetric assessment

A

SV = EDV-ESV

65
Q

What can be performed when the endocardial definition is suboptimal from the apical images but good from parasternal

A

Area-length method

66
Q

How is the area-length method performed

A

Trace the LV chamber at the pap muscle level then measure the LV length in the A4C view from the MV annulus to the apex

67
Q

What does the SV calculation assume about the LVOT

A

That it is circular

68
Q

What is also assumed in the SV calculation

A

Laminar flow

69
Q

Most indices of cardiac performance are influenced by

A

Loading conditions, like SV CO CI

70
Q

When is the Dp/Dt measured

A

During the pre-ejection phase of the cardiac cycle

71
Q

Dp/Dt is less influenced by what

A

Loading conditions

72
Q

Dp is the

A

Change in pressure

73
Q

Dt is the

A

Change in time it takes to reach that pressure

74
Q

What are the points that are Usually chosen for Dp/Dt

A

1 m/s and 3m/s

75
Q

Dp/Dt uses which principle

76
Q

What is the pressure at 1 m/s in the Bernoulli equation

77
Q

What is the pressure at 3 m/s in the Bernoulli equation

78
Q

What is the difference between the two pressures (1 m/s and 3 m/s)

79
Q

Dp/Dt measures how much time it takes for what

A

The LV pressure to rise by 32mmHg

80
Q

What are the limitations of Dp/Dt

A

Valve click artifact (from prosthetic valves)
Eccentric MR jets (difficult to pick up CW)
Poor alignment to the MR jets
Non-compliant LA

81
Q

What is the normal value for Dp/Dt

82
Q

Tissue doppler measures the speed that the

A

LV muscle contracts in the longitudinal plane

83
Q

What is the normal value for tissue doppler

A

> 9.0 cm/s

84
Q

Tissue doppler is a good measurement of

A

Systolic function

85
Q

Muscle tissues in the LV are arranged

A

Longitudinally
Radially
Circumferentially

86
Q

What is the S prime influenced by

A

Tethering and translational motion of the heart

87
Q

What is tethering

A

When a hypokinetic or akinetic segment is adjacent to a normal segment and gets dragged along by its motion

88
Q

What velocities progressively decrease form base to apex in the normal heart

89
Q

S prime will not be accurate when there is varying degrees of

A

Segmental systolic dysfunction, as it will not include those abnormal segments

90
Q

S prime will be fairly accurate when

A

Wall motion is normal or globally down

91
Q

S prime measures what

A

The velocity of the tissue in one of the basal segments from the apical view

92
Q

Therefore what can the s prime only truly reflect

A

The performance of that segment

93
Q

When is the index of myocardial performance used in cases with

A 
Dilated cardiomyopathy 
Cardiac amyloidosis 
Pulmonary hypertension
RV infarction
RV dysplasia
94
Q

MPI provides information about both

A

Systolic and diastolic function

95
Q

IMP is a ratio between

A

(ICT+IRT)/ET

96
Q

May disease states include some degree of

A

Systolic and diastolic dysfunction

97
Q

In a diseased heart, what happens to ejection time and isovolumic times

A

ET shortens, isovolumic times increase

98
Q

What is the normal LV for the MPI conventional doppler method

99
Q

What are the normal measurements for the TDI method

A

LV: <0.6
RV: <0.55

100
Q

The normal RV in the A4C view should be ___ than ___ the size of the LV

101
Q

Should the RV or the LV dominate the apex

102
Q

Mild dilation of the RV is when the

A

RV >2/3 of the LV but RV cavity is still smaller than LV.

103
Q

The RV apex more basal than the LV apex is what

104
Q

Moderate dilation of the RV

A

When the RV and the LV are equal size and share the apex

105
Q

Severe dilatation of the RV is when

A

RV>LV size and RV occupies the apex

106
Q

Walls MUST be seen in how many views to be scored qualitatively

Echo 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions