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Neuroanatomy Block 5 > Ventricles And Hydrocephalus > Flashcards

Ventricles And Hydrocephalus Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Ventricles are filled with
  2. Location of lateral ventricles
  3. Location of 3rd ventricle
  4. Location of 4th ventricle
A
  1. CSF
  2. In each cerebral hemisphere
  3. Between right and left thalamus
  4. Posterior to brainstem, at level of pons and medulla, anterior to cerebellum
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2
Q

Ventricles are the __ part of the CNS

A

Deepest

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3
Q

Location/if it contains choroid plexus of the parts of the lateral ventricle:

  1. Frontal (anterior) horn
  2. Body
  3. Temporal (inferior) horn
  4. Occipital (posterior) horn
  5. Trigone (atrium)
A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. In medial portion of frontal and parietal lobes; contains choroid plexus
  3. Medial part of temporal lobe; contains choroid
  4. In parietal and occipital lobes
  5. At junction of body, occipital horn and temporal horn; contains glomus of choroid plexus
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4
Q

How does lateral ventricle communicate with 3rd ventricle?

What part of the lateral ventricle is this located?

A

Inter-ventricular foramina (aka foramen of Monro)

Body of lateral ventricle

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5
Q

CSF Flow:

  1. CSF is produced by __
  2. CSF flows thru __ first
  3. Then goes into __ to surround brain and spinal cord
  4. Then CSF drains into dural venous sinuses thru __
  5. Disruption of CSF flow leads to what condition?
A
  1. Choroid plexus
  2. Ventricles
  3. Subarachnoid space
  4. Arachnoid granulations
  5. Hydrocephalus
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6
Q
  1. What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle?

2. Can be seen passing thru which part of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebral aqueduct

2. In the midbrain

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7
Q
  1. 2 openings in the roof of the 4th ventricle allow CSF to move into the __ around brain and spinal cord
  2. Which opening is in the mid-sagittal plane? Which cistern receives CSF from here? Clinical significance?
  3. Which opening is in left and right para sagittal plane?
A
  1. Subarachnoid space
  2. Median aperture (Foramen of Magendie); cisterna magna; can be tapped for CSF (suboccipital tap)
  3. Lateral apertures (Foramina Luschka)
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8
Q
  1. What is the central canal (locationally)

2. Central canal is a remnant of?

A
  1. Continuation of 4th ventricle

2. Central cavity of neural tube

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9
Q

CSF is mainly absorbed into venous system thru arachnoid granulations, what are these?

A

Protrusions of arachnoid into dural venous sinuses

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10
Q

What are cisterns?

A

Separates arachnoid and pia mater and are filled with CSF

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11
Q

Location of the following cistern:

  1. Suprasellar
  2. Prepontine
  3. Cisternal magna (cerebellomedullary)
  4. Quadrigeminal
A
  1. Above sella turcica, under hypothalamus
  2. Ventral to pons
  3. Between cerebellum and dorsal surface of medulla, above level of foramen magnum
  4. Between the colliculi (of midbrain), the splenium (end) of corpus callosum, and superior surface of cerebellum
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12
Q

Contents of the following cistern:

  1. Suprasellar (2)
  2. Prepontine (1)
  3. Cisternal magna (3ish)
  4. Quadrigemina (3ish)
A
  1. Infundibular stalk and optic chiasm
  2. Basilar artery
  3. Vertebral arteries, PICA, CN IX, X, XI
  4. Superior cerebellar arteries, posterior cerebral arteries, and venous junction (vein of galen, inferior sagittal sinus, and straight sinus
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13
Q

Explain the following pathological origins of increased intracranial pressure:

  1. Hydrocephalus
  2. Brain edema
  3. Hemorrhage
  4. Tumor or other mass such as (2)
A
  1. Excessive CSF
  2. Swelling due to accumulation of ICF or ECF
  3. Escape of blood from a vessel
  4. Abscess or cyst
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14
Q

Increased intracranial pressure is transmitted thru subarachnoid space to optic nerve sheath; how does this affect optic nerve?

A

Obstructs axonal transport and venous return

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15
Q

Causes of the following cerebral edema:

  1. Vasogenic
  2. Cytotoxic
  3. Interstitial
A
  1. Increase ECF due to increase permeability of brain capillary endothelial cells
  2. Increase ICF due to failure of Na-K pump (Na and water enter the cell)
  3. Increased CSF pressure due to CSF wrongly moving from ventricles to periventricular regions (so has connection to communicating hydrocephalus)
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16
Q

What causes hydrocephalus in general?

A

Obstruction of flow of CSF in either ventricles or subarachnoid space leads to increase in pressure and swelling of ventricles

17
Q

Obstructive hydrocephalus (non-communicating hydrocephalus)

  1. What is the increased intracranial pressure caused by? (~use last slide as guide if stuck)
  2. 3 places that are likely blocked
A
  1. CSF flow is blocked in ventricles, ventricles swell upstream of blockage
  2. Interventricular foramen, cerebral aqueduct, and central canal
18
Q

Communicating hydrocephalus

  1. What is the increased intracranial pressure caused by? (Could be 2 different things)
  2. Leads to what symptoms - similar to what other disorders?
A
  1. Blockage of apertures OR impaired absorption of CSF from subarachnoid space thru arachnoid villi in superior sagittal sinus (villi could be clogged)
  2. Inward compression on cortex - epidural or subdural hemorrhage (could be one of the causes that the villi became clogged)
19
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus:

  1. Define
  2. Will lead to what triad of impairments (mnemonic)
  3. The symptoms are due to disruption where in the brain
A
  1. Transient increases in intracranial pressure with periods of normal pressure (mostly in elderly)
  2. Wet, wacky, and wobbly - urinary incontinence, dementia disruption of frontal lobe, gait
  3. Disorientation/gait = cerebrum; urinary= frontal lobe
20
Q

Pseudotumor cerebri:

  1. Dysfunction of __
  2. What causes increased intracranial pressure in this condition
  3. Symptoms
  4. Usually occurs in what kind of people
A
  1. Ventricular system
  2. Vessels are constricted more than they should be; increased resistance to CSF outflow at arachnoid villi
  3. Mimics presence of tumor, hydrocephalus, papilledema, bad vision
  4. Young, obese women
21
Q

Potential tumors in ventricular system:

  1. What kind of cells make CSF
  2. Can cause a blockage in ventricles or central canal if they form
  3. Choroid plexus papilloma can be caused by
A
  1. Ependymal
  2. Ependymomas
  3. Choroid epithelial cells
22
Q

Meningiomas:

  1. These tumors arise from what cells
  2. Most frequently found where in the brain*
  3. Characterized by formation of __ bodies
A
  1. Meningothelial arachnoid cells
  2. Anterior cranial fossa
  3. Psammoma bodies
23
Q

CSF:

  1. Normal pressure is _ to _ mmH2O
  2. Upper limit is __ mmH2O or __ mmHg
  3. Where is it measured?
A
  1. 80-180
  2. 200mmH2O; 150mmHg
  3. Subarachnoid space (around cauda equina) in lumbar cistern
24
Q
  1. Circumventricular organs: Key feature and why?
  2. Neurohypophysis: termination site from what 2 nuclei? What 3 hormones do these nuclei contain
  3. Median eminence has?
  4. Area postrema - location and what its region triggers
A
  1. Do not have blood brain barrier - for communication between brain and systemic circulation
  2. Supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus; vasopressin, oxytocin and neurophysin
  3. Hormone releasing factors
  4. Caudal 4th ventricle - vomiting
25
Q
  1. Subfornical organ - location and function
  2. Organum vasculosum- location and function
  3. Subcommissural organ- secretes __ into __
A
  1. At interventricular foramen; involved in regulation of body fluid
  2. Lamina terminalis; outlet for hypothalamic hormones
  3. Glycoproteins into CSF
26
Q

Midbrain:

  1. Location and contents of tectum
  2. Location and contents of tegmentum
A
  1. Posterior to cerebral aqueduct, roof - superior and inferior colliculi
  2. Anterior to cerebral aqueduct

Neuroanatomy Block 5 (5 decks)

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