Gross Neuroanatomy

Question 1

1. Anterior meningeal artery is a branch of?
2. Middle?
3. Posterior?

Answer 1

1. ICA
2. ECA
3. Vertebral

Question 2

1. Branch of ICA located in the connective tissue layer of SCALP
2. 3 branches of ECA in this layer

Answer 2

1. Ophthalmic artery

2. Superficial temporal, posterior auricular, and occipital

Question 3

Scalp wounds are more dangerous when they reach which layer of SCALP

Answer 3

Loose connective tissue (deeper than the aponeurosis)

Question 4

1. 2 layers of dura mater

2. What are these layers separated by? (2)

Answer 4

1. Periosteal dura and meningeal dura

2. Dural folds and dural venous sinuses (the 2 layers are adherent in parts that do not contain either of these)

Question 5

Arachnoid granulations

1. Protrude from __ into __
2. Function

Answer 5

1. Meningeal layer of dura mater into superior sagittal sinus
2. Allow for reabsorption of CSF from subarachnoid space into venous system

Question 6

Name the innervation of the following:

1. Anterior cranial fossa (3)
2. Middle cranial fossa (3)
3. Posterior crania fossa (4)

Answer 6

1. Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves and CN V1
2. V1, V2 and V3
3. V1, V2, X, and IX

Question 7

1. What vessel runs in the epidural space

2. What vessel runs in the subdural space

Answer 7

1. Middle meningeal artery

2. Bridging veins

Question 8

Where is CSF located

2 things that also travel in this space

Answer 8

Subarachnoid space

Bridging veins and cerebral veins

Question 9

Location of the following dural folds?

1. Falx cerebri
2. Tentorium cerebelli
3. Diaphragma sella
4. Tentorial incisure
5. Falx cerebelli

Answer 9

1. In longitudinal fissure
2. Covers upper surface of cerebellum
3. Forms roof of cavernous sinus
4. Allows passage of midbrain to connect to thalamus
5. Below tentorium cerebelli

Question 10

Straight sinus is located at the junction of ?

Answer 10

Falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

Question 11

Dural venous sinuses drain blood into?

Answer 11

IJV

Question 12

Which hemorrhage is associated with “worst headache of my life”

What arteries are here

Answer 12

1. Subarachnoid hemorrhage

2. Circle of willis

Question 13

Name 2 extensions of pia mater and where they extend from

Answer 13

1. Denticulate ligaments- lateral aspect of the spinal cord and attach to dura
2. Filum terminale- from conus medularis

Question 14

What are the following symptoms of syndrome of acute meningeal irritation caused from:

1. Headache
2. Stiff neck
3. Alteration in consciousness
4. 3 main causes of this syndrome?

Answer 14

1. Vasodilation/inflammation
2. Irritation of meninges in posterior fossa (nuchal rigidity)
3. Diffuse depression of cortical function
4. Subarachnoid hemorrhage, bacterial meningitis, and viral encephalitis

Question 15

Where is the herniation located in a subfalcine hernia

Answer 15

Medial cortical structures under falx cerebri from one side to the other

Question 16

1. Where is the herniation in a tentorial herniation
2. Most common example is herniation of __
3. Could lead to? (2) and why?

Answer 16

1. Around the tentorial incisure
2. Uncus

3. Blown pupil (compresses CN III)
Cortical blindness (compresses PCAs causing bilateral occipital lobe infarction)

Question 17

1. Tonsilar herniation is located where?

2. Associated with compression of what 2 things?

Answer 17

1. Tonsils of cerebellum

2. Medulla and vertebral arteries

Question 18

Which 4 cranial nerves have parasympathetic innervation

Answer 18

3, 7, 9, 10

Question 19

3 parts of the brain in the diencephalon

Answer 19

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Question 20

What are the following important for:

1. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
2. Amygdala
3. Lateral hypothalamus
4. Anterior hypothalamus
5. Medial hypothalamus
6. Posterior hypothalamus

Answer 20

1. Master clock for circadian rhythms
2. Emotional influences on pathways (ex: immune system)
3. Appetite
4. Detects increased body temperature and activates heat dissipation
5. Inhibits appetite (ventromedial nucleus specifically)
6. Conserves heat

Question 21

Lesions in the anterior hypothalamus can cause ?

Answer 21

Hypothermia

Question 22

1. 2 parts of the midbrain

2. Forms?

Answer 22

1. Cerebral peduncles and superior/inferior colliculi

2. Cerebral aqueduct

Question 23

1. Location of pons
2. Component?
3. Forms?

Answer 23

1. Directly in front of cerebellum
2. Cerebellar peduncles
3. Superior aspect of 4th ventricle

Question 24

1. Component of medulla oblongata

2. Forms?

Answer 24

1. Inferior olivary nucleus

2. Inferior aspect of 4th ventricle

Question 25

Cerebellum consists of what 4 parts

Answer 25

Vermis, paravermal, lateral and flocculonodular

Question 26

Function of the following: 1. Cerebrocerebellar tracts 2. Spinocerebellar 3. Vestibulocerebellar tracts

Answer 26

1. Motor input of planning and timing / coordination 2. Contraction/muscle spindles, stretch for coordination, unconscious proprioception 3. Vestibular input/balance