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Respiratory system > Ventilation - L3 > Flashcards

Ventilation - L3 Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of respiratory diseases?

A

Obstructive and restrictive

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2
Q

What is pulmonary minute ventilation?

A

It is the total volume of air entering and leaving
respiratory system each minute

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3
Q

What is minute ventilation formula?

A

= VT (Tidal Volume) x Respiratory Rate

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4
Q

What is normal respiration rate?

A

12 breaths per minute

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5
Q

What is normal VT?

A

500 mL

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6
Q

What is normal minute ventilation?

A

500 mL x 12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min

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7
Q

Which is more important alveolar ventilation or pulmonary ventilation?

A

Alveolar ventilation is more important than pulmonary ventilation

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8
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

It is the volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and the alveoli per minute

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9
Q

What is less alveolar ventilation or pulmonary ventilation?

A

Alveolar ventilation is less than pulmonary ventilation due to anatomic dead space

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10
Q

Alveolar ventilation formula?

A

Alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume – dead space) x
respiratory rate = (500-150 mL/br) x 12 br/min =
4200ml/min

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11
Q

is resistance of airways smaller or bigger in smaller ones?

A

resistance is smallest in smallest airways

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12
Q

What is there to match airflow to blood flow?

A

There are local controls

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13
Q

Which area is greater - blood flow (perfusion) or airflow (ventilation)?

A

The area in which blood flow - perfusion is greater than airflow - ventilation

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14
Q

What happens in obstructive respiratory diseases (3) and give some examples of the diseases:

A
  1. Airway narrowing
  2. Increased airway resistance
  3. Reduced flow during expiration
    Examples: emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma.
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15
Q

What happens in restrictive respiratory diseases (3) and give an example of the diseases:

A
  1. Reduced compliance
  2. Scar tissue formation
  3. Fibrosis
    Example: pulmonary fibrosis
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16
Q

What are some other conditions? 4

A

Diseases impairing diffusion of O2 and CO2
Neuromuscular disorders
Inadequate perfusion
Ventilation-perfusion imbalances

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17
Q

What is FEV 1.0?

A

Forced expired volume in 1 second

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18
Q

FVC - what does it stand for?

A

Forced vital capacity

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19
Q

FEV 1.0 / FVC?

A

Disease index i.e. <80%

20
Q

Local controls which increase CO2 in area of small airflow what happens?

A

Causes relaxation of local airway smooth muscle
This causes dilation of local airways
This decreases airway resistance
Thus increases airflow

21
Q

Local controls which decrease O2 in area of small airflow what happens?

A

There is an increase in contraction of local pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle
This causes constriction of local blood vessels
This increases vascular resistance
Thus decreasing blood flow

22
Q

If the local controls act to balance by decreasing CO2 in the lung area what happens?

A

This increases contraction of local airway smooth muscle and constricts local airways which increases airway resistance and decreases airflow

23
Q

If the local controls act to balance by increasing O2 in the lung area what happens?

A

By increasing oxygen, this relaxes the local pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle which dilates local blood vessels and decreases vascular resistance which thus increases blood flow

24
Q

Obstructive disorders - type 1 what happens to the airway?

A

Airway is hyper reactive and there is reversible airway narrowing

25
Q

Obstructive disorders - type 1 what happens to the mucous?

A

Mucous thickening

26
Q

Obstructive disorders - type 1 what are the causes? 5

A
  1. Allergens, pollens, animal fur, dusts
  2. Smoking, smog & airborne pollutants
  3. Changes in air temperature, humidity, pressure
  4. Exercise
  5. Emotional stress, anxiety
27
Q

Obstructive disorders - type 1 what is the treatment?

A

Bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory, O2

28
Q

What is the most common childhood respiratory disease?

A

Obstructive - Type 1

29
Q

What happens to smooth muscle in obstructive type 1 disorders? what about when it is severe?

A

Smooth muscle constriction by spasms in small airways
When severe, the narrowing can be lethal

30
Q

What happens to the airway wall and mucous in obstructive type 2 disorders?

A

Inflammation of airway walls and excessive mucous production
* Airway narrowing and coughing (but cough cannot get rid of mucous)

31
Q

Is obstructive type 2 disorders reversible / irreversible?

A

Reversible

32
Q

Causes of obstructive type 2 disorders? 4

A
  1. Bacterial & viral infections
  2. Smoking
  3. Airborne pollutants
  4. Chronic irritation (eg: miners)
33
Q

Are obstructive type 3 disorders reversible / irreversible?

A

Irreversible

34
Q

What happens to alveolar walls in obstructive type 3 disorders?

A

Destruction of alveolar walls (collapsing of small airways)

35
Q

Causes of obstructive type 3 disorders? 4

A
  1. Smoking induced inflammation
  2. Cilia destruction, tar accumulation
  3. Airborne contaminants
  4. Genetic: lack of α anti-trypsin production
36
Q

Where does enlargement of air spaces in obstructive type 3 disorders take place?

A

Primarily distal to terminal bronchioles

37
Q

What does increased lung compliance in obstructive type 3 disorders take place via? 3

A
  1. Destruction of elastic fibres
  2. Excessive release of enzymes: trypsin
    - Macrophages secrete α anti-trypsin to inhibit trypsin (but with chronic irritation, trypsin can break alveolar walls)
  3. Reduced elastic recoil of the lung
38
Q

Causes of restrictive respiratory disorders type 1?

A

o No known cause in 2/3 of all cases
o Asbestos fibre breathing (can also cause lung cancer)
o Inflammation
o Scar tissue formation

39
Q

What happens to elasticity in restrictive 1 disorders?

A

There is reduced elasticty

40
Q

What does restrictive 1 disorders result from?

A

Results from over 130 disorders

41
Q

What happens to the work of breathing in restrictive 1 disorders?

A

Increased

42
Q

What happens to compliance of lung and chest wall in restrictive 1 disorders?

A

Reduced

43
Q

What is the name for restrictive 1 disorders?

A

Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease (DILL)

44
Q

What type of patients does restrictive 1 diseases take place in?

A

Slim patients

45
Q

Disease characteristics of obstructive for:
a. Total Lung capacity
b. Residual volume
c. FVC
d. Functional residual capacity
e. inspiratory capacity
f. FEV 1.0
g. FEV 1.0 / FVC

A

a. Normal or higher
b. very increased/higher
c. decreased
d. increased
e. decreased
f. very decreased
g. < 80%

46
Q

Disease characteristics of restrictive for:
a. Total Lung capacity
b. Residual volume
c. FVC
d. Functional residual capacity
e. inspiratory capacity
f. FEV 1.0
g. FEV 1.0 / FVC

A

a. Decreased
b. Normal or decreased
c. decreased
d. normal or decreased
e. very decreased
f. normal decreased
g. normal or increased

Respiratory system (7 decks)

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