Ventilation and Pulmonary Function Assessment

Question 1

What events cause inhalation and exhalation?

Answer 1

Rib cage expands as rub muscles contract (air inhaled)-Inhalation diaphragm contracts (moves down)
Rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax (air exhaled)-Exhalation- Diaphragm relaxes (moves up)

Question 2

What is Boyle’s law?

Answer 2

Law states pressure of gas in closed container is inversely related to volume of the container. 760 mm pressure at sea level. 1 liter-1 atm pressure. But decrease volume in container to 1/2 liter-2 atm pressure. Differences in pressure caused by changes in lung volume forces air into and out of lungs during inhalation/exhalation.

Question 3

Inspiration (inhalation): The process of breathing in. This is an ______ process.

Answer 3

active

Question 4

Muscles of inhalation (inspiration)

Answer 4

Main:Sternocleidomastoids, external intercostals, diaphragm. Assessory: Scalenes. Lungs have 70m2 of surface area

Question 5

Air flows from region of ____ pressure to _____ pressure, inspiration takes place. What number?

Answer 5

higher, lower. 760 to 758 mmHg

Question 6

Typically exhalation is a _______ process which means what?

Answer 6

passive. No muscle contractions are involved

Question 7

In exhalation air flows from region of ____ pressure (lungs) to region of _____ atmosphere. What does the alveolar pressure increase to?

Answer 7

higher, lower.

762mmHg

Question 8

T/F- Normal expiration takes place because of the pressure differences?

Answer 8

True

Question 9

T/F-The pressure of the lungs is less than the pressure of the atmosphere?

Answer 9

False. Pressure is greater than the atmosphere.

Question 10

When would exhalation become an active process (when muscle contractions are involved) and which muscles would be used if it did?

Answer 10

Active in childbirth, playing sports.

Muscles of expiration: diaphram, internal intercostals, abdominal recti. (these are all used in forceful breathing aka active exhalation)

Question 11

What is compliance?

Answer 11

Refers to how much effort is required to stretch the lungs and thoracic wall

Question 12

Lungs resist expansion at what compliance?

Answer 12

Low

Question 13

Lungs and thoracic wall expand easily at what compliance?

Answer 13

High

Question 14

Lungs usually have what _____compliance and expand easily cause of elastic fibers and surfactant

Answer 14

High

Question 15

If low on surfactant lungs are ______ compliance

Answer 15

Low

Question 16

What is dead space?

Answer 16

Volume of air that doesn’t reach the alveoli and not involved in gas transfer

Question 17

Men have ____ lung volume then women. What are typical normal lung volumes? What is tidal volume?

Answer 17

Larger. Tidal volume is 500ml for both female and male.

Question 18

T/F- Small alveoli would be at greater risk of collapse without surfactant?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Which type of cells extract surfactant? What is the composition of surfactant? At how many weeks does it start to form?

Answer 19

Type ll alveolar cells.
90% phospholipid, 10% protein
30 weeks

Question 20

What can cause decreased compliance?

Answer 20

Pathologic conditions (TB (caused by myobacteria), pulmonary edema, paralysis of intercostal muscles, surfactant deficiency in premature infants)

Question 21

As avioli expand compliance _______

Answer 21

decreases

Question 22

What is tension pneumothorax?

Answer 22

Occurs when a closed pneumothorax creates positive pressure in the pleural space that continues to build. Pressure is transmitted to the mediastinum (heart & great vessles) SVC/IVC are off, need chest tube to affected side. Breath sounds low, pre load filling & contraction of heart affected. HR goes up.

Question 23

What is atelectisis?

Answer 23

Complete alveolar collapse.Atelectasis may be the result of a blocked airway (obstructive) (add more?)

Question 24

What is the law of laplace?

Answer 24

Pressure is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to radius of alveolus. (Small alveoli are at great risk of collapse bc of this). Alveoli has natural tendency to recoil after ….

Question 25

______ surface tension allows alveoli to readily fill with gas

Answer 25

Decreased

Question 26

Title volume

Answer 26

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

Question 27

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 27

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

Question 28

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 28

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

Question 29

Residual volume

Answer 29

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation

Question 30

Total lung capacity

Answer 30

Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort

Question 31

Vital capacity

Answer 31

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort

Question 32

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 32

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

Question 33

Functional residual capacity

Answer 33

Volume of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration

Question 34

What causes COPD?

Answer 34

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema