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CVP A&P Lungs (Ventilation&Pulmonary Function Assessment) > Anatomy & Physiology Respiratory System > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following prevents aspiration of foods and liquids?

A

Epiglottis

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2
Q

The canals of Lambert are found in the-_______

A

terminal bronchioles

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3
Q

The eustachian tubes are found in the____

A

Nasopharynx

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4
Q

Which of the following has the greatest combined cross-sectional area?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

The horizontal fissure separates the____

A

middle and upper lobes of the right lung

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6
Q

What are resistance vessels called?

A

Arterioles

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7
Q

What are the 4 basic functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Provide O2 to blood stream & remove CO2
  • Sound production/vocalization(expired air passes over vocal cords creating sounds)
  • Assisting in abdominal compression (lifting, urination, defecation, and childbirth)
  • Protective/reflexive non-breathing air movements i.e. coughing/sneezing

Gas exchange is main function of resp. system

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8
Q

What is respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood and cells. Respiration happens at the cellular level.

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9
Q

Respiration happens in a combination of 3 processes:

A
  • Ventilation (breathing)-The mechanical flow of air into and out of the lung(inspiration & expiration) 1st process
  • External (pulmonary) respiration-Exchange of gases between the alveoli and pulmonary capilaries
  • Internal (tissue) respiration-Exchange between blood and tissue cells

CV(cardiovascular system) assists the resp system by transporting gases

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10
Q

The respiratory system has two structural components what are they?

A
  • The upper respiratory system

* The lower respiratory system

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11
Q

What are the two functional components of the respiratory system? And brief description of them.

A
  • Conducting portion-Series of connecting tubes/cavities

* Respiratory portion-Where gas exchange takes place

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12
Q

The upper airway of the respiratory system includes which 4 parts?

A
  • Nose
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
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13
Q

The nose is part of what system and what is it composed of?

A

Upper resp. system.

Supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage. Covered with muscle and skin.

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14
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nose?

A
  • Warming, moisturizing and filtering the incoming air
  • Receiving olfactory stimuli
  • Serves as a large, hallow, resonating chamber to modify speech sounds
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15
Q

The oral cavity is an ________ respiratory passage. Composed of what parts?

A

accessory.

Tongue, roof of mouth (hard palate, palatine process of maxilla, palatine bones), soft palate (uvula) (add functions?)

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16
Q

The pharynx is part of the _____ system. What are its functions?

A

Upper respiratory system. Pharynx is the throat. Has both respiratory and digestive functions. Functions as a passageway for air and food. Provides resonating chamber for speech sounds, houses the tonsils which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders.

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17
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx and what are their functions?

A
  • Nasopharynx (respiratory function)
  • Oropharynx (both respiratory and digestive functions)
  • Laryngopharynx (both respiratory and digestive functions. Seperation of the two happens here.
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18
Q

The larynx is part of the _______ respiratory system. What does it do?

A

Upper. The larynx contains vocal folds which produce sound when they vibrate.

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19
Q

What is the purpose of an endotracheal tube?

A
  • Controls title volume

* Air we breathe is about 21 %

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20
Q

Describe the larynx and how many pieces of cartilage is it made of? What are the types of cartilage?

A

Larynx(voicebox) connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea.
*Consisting of 9 pieces of cartilage
-3 occur singly
-3 occur in pairs
Thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple) -forms anterior wall of the larynx and gives it its shape
-Cricoid cartilage:Forms the inferior wall of the larynx. *landmark for emergency airway(tracheostomy)

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21
Q

Bronchial tree begins at _____ and ends at _____. What is the pathway (6 parts)

A

Begins at trachea, ends at terminal bronchioles.

  • Trachea
  • Main bronchi
  • Lobar bronchi
  • Segmental bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles

(trees, make, lemons, sour, bitter, tasty)

22
Q

The pleural membrane is what?

A

Pleural membrane: Two layers of serous membrane enclose and protect each lung.

  • Parietal pleura-(Superficial layer which lines the wall of the thoracic cavity)
  • Visceral pleura-(Covers the lungs)
23
Q

What is the plural cavity?

A

Potential space between the two layers which contains a few ml of mucoid fluid.

24
Q

Why is the mucoid fluid in the plural cavity important? 3 reasons.

A
  1. Reduces friction between the membranes
  2. Allows the two membranes to adhere to one another
  3. Prevents the lungs from collapsing by providing a negative pressure (-7mmHg).
25
Q

The trachea and primary bronchi are part of the _____ respiratory system. How does it divide? What is the point called where it does?

A

Lower.

  • Trachea divides at the superior border of T5 into right and left bronchi
  • Right primary (main stem) bronchus is: more vertical, shorter and wider than left and aspired objects are more likely to enter and lodge in the right bronchus.
  • Carina is the point where trachea divides. The mucous membrane is highly sensitive to foreign substances and triggers cough reflex.
26
Q

The trachea extends from the _____ to the _____

A

Larynx to the primary bronchi

27
Q

T/F-Lungs lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly

A

True

28
Q

How far do the lungs extend?

A

From the diaphragm superiorly to slightly superior to the clavicals

29
Q

The hilum is the region on the mediastinal surface of the lungs where the ____ (4 parts) enter and exit the lung

A

bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

30
Q

What is the narrow superior portion of the lung?

A

The apex

31
Q

Right lung has 3 lobes, what are they?

A
  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior
  • each of these lobes receive own secondary (lobar) bronchus
32
Q

What are the two lobes of the left lung?

A
  • Superior

* Inferior

33
Q

The lobes are separated by fissures what are the fissures on the left (1) and right lung(2)?

A

Left lung
-Oblique fissure

Right lung

  • Oblique fissure-(separates the inferior lobe from the superior and middle lobes)
  • Horizontal fissure-(Separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe)
34
Q

Lobar bronchi give rise to tertiary (segmental bronchi) how many in each lung?

A

*10 in each lung

35
Q

What is the bronchopulmonary segment?

A

*segment of lung that each segmental bronchi supplies

36
Q

What are lobules?

A

*Small compartments within each bronchopulmonary segment.

37
Q

What are lobules wrapped in? And contain?

A

Each wrapped in elastic connective tissue and contain:

  • Lymphatic vessel
  • Arteriole
  • Venule
  • A branch from terminal bronchiole
38
Q

Terminal bronchioles subdivide into microscopic branches called ______ which divide into what?

A

Respiratory bronchioles.

Respiratory bronchioles divide into alveolar ducts.

39
Q

How many orders of branching are there and what path does it follow?

A

25 orders.

Branching from trachea->primary bronchi->secondary bronchi->and down to alveolar ducts.

40
Q

What is the functional unit of the respiratory system? It’s where gas exchange occurs.

A

Alveoli

41
Q

What are the two types of alveolar cells and describe them.

A
  • Type l-Single squamous cells that form a continuous lining of the alveolar wall ARE MAIN SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE, also are most numerous.
  • Type ll-Cuboidal shaped cells whose free surfaces secrete alveolar fluid (SURFACTANT) -Complex detergent mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lower the surface tension of alveolar fluid. Reducing tendency for alveoli to collapse.
42
Q

Simple diffusion, gas goes from _____ concentration to _____ concentration

A

Higher, lower

43
Q

The respiratory membrane is a four layer system through which gas exchange occurs what are the 4 layer parts? (gas exchange occurs at respiratory membrane)

A
  1. Alveolar wall made up of type l and ll cells and alveolar macrophages
  2. Epithelial basement membrane underlying the alveolar wall
  3. Capillary basement membrane often fused to the epithelial basement membrane
  4. Endothelial cells of the capillary
44
Q

How thick is the respiratory membrane/artificial membrane? How many alveoli does the lungs contain?

A
  • 0.5 microns and artificial is about 150 microns (2.5 m2 area). Cooling and anesthesia lower BMR which is why our artificial one doesn’t need to be as efficient.
  • 300 million area of 70m2
45
Q

What is bronchial circulation?

A

Circulation for your lungs.

46
Q

Connections exist between bronchial and ________

A
  • Pulmonary arteries

- Some blood drains into bronchial veins (branches of azygous system) and return to the heart via the superior vena cava

47
Q

Where does gas diffusion occur?

A

*Type l alveolar cells

48
Q

What are 3 main ways the lungs get blood?

A
  1. Pulmonary arteries-(pulmonary trunk to left and right pulmonary arteries, carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs)
  2. Pulmonary veins-(return oxygenated blood to the left atrium)
  3. Bronchial arteries-(Branch from aorta and deliver oxygenated blood to lungs. Mainly perfuse walls of the bronchi/bronchioles)
49
Q

How many lobar branches are in each lobe?

A
  • 3 right

* 2 left

50
Q

Azygos system can be a backup if what becomes obstructed?

A
  • IVC

* SVC

51
Q

Connecting from the terminal bronchiole the path of air exchange goes down 5 more paths till it reaches the point of gas exchange. What are these paths?

A

Microscopic airways

  • > Respiratory bronchioles
  • > Alveolar ducts->Alveolar sacs->Alveoli

CVP A&P Lungs (Ventilation&Pulmonary Function Assessment) (3 decks)

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