Ventilation and lung volumes Flashcards

1
Q

Total lung capacity

A
  • maximum volume of gas that the lungs can contain
  • TLC is divided into tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume
  • normally 6-7 L
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2
Q

Tidal volume

A
  • the volume of gas which flows into and then out of the lung in one breath
  • normally 500-600 ml, and increase with exercise
  • may be measured with a spirometer
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3
Q

Inspiratory reverse volume

A
  • IRV

- the maximum volume of gas that can be inhaled from the end-tidal inspiratory position

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4
Q

Expiratory reverse volume

A
  • ERV

- the volume of gas that can be exhaled from the end-tidal expiratory position

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5
Q

Residual volume

A
  • is the volume of gas contained in the lungs after a maximal forced expiration
  • cannot be exhaled
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6
Q

Vital capacity

A
  • is the maximum volume of gas that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration
  • VC= IRV +VT +ERV = TLC - RV
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7
Q

Inspiratory reserve capacity

A
  • the maximum volume of gas that can be inhaled from the resting expiratory position
  • IC= VT + IRV = TLC - FRC
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8
Q

Functional residual capacity

A
  • is the volume of gas in the lungs after a normal expiration when the diaphragm and chest muscles are relaxes, that is, when the lungs and chest wall are at mechanical equilibrium
  • cannot be measured with a spirometer since this capacity includes RV
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9
Q

Effect of Compliance on FRC

A
  • increased lung compliance increased FRC
  • decreased lung compliance decreases FRC
  • lung compliance increases during aging, as does FRC
  • hyperinflation is characteristic of emphysema
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10
Q

Open Circuit nitrogen washout for measuring FRC

A
  • subject breaths air, an alveolar gas sample is taken an the initial N2 fraction is measured
  • then at the end of eupneic expiration, with the lung at FRC, the subject breaths 100% oxygen for at least 7 min to wash out all of the N2 from the lung
  • the expired gas is collected in spirometer
  • the volume expired and N2 fraction in the collected gas are measured
  • a conservation of mass equation may be used to estimate FRC
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11
Q

Body Plethysmograph FRC

A
  • subject sits in a gas tight chamber, similar in size to a telephone booth, and breathes through a tube leading to the outside
  • the tube is shut off, closed by solenoid when the lung is at FRC
  • the subject then makes an expiratory effort against a pressure transducer which records the pressure within the lung
  • the expiratory effort compresses the volume of the lung and raises the pressure from its initial level of P1 by an amount of change in P
  • a second transducer B records decrease in pressure of the box
  • FRC may be calculated from the compressibility of the gas
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12
Q

Total ventilation

A
  • conducting zone: anatomic dead space
  • respiratory zone: where gas exchange occurs
  • Vt= VD + Va
  • alveolar ventilation is the difference between total ventilation and dead space ventilation
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13
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

A
  • hypoventilation results in alveolar hypercapnea (increased PaCO2) and hypoxia (decreased PaO2)
  • hyperventilation results in alveolar hypocapnea (decreased PaCO2) and hyperoxia (increased PaO2)
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14
Q

Alveolar Gas Equation for CO2

A
  • increasing alveolar ventilation decreases steady state alveolar PaCO2
  • increasing carbon dioxide production increases steady state PaCO2
  • PACO2 = VCO2 x PT/VA
  • PVCO2= 46
  • PaCO2= 40
  • PACO2= 40
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15
Q

Alveolar Gas Equation for O2

A
  • increasing alveolar ventilation increases alveolar oxygen
  • increasing oxygen consumption decreases alveolar oxygen
  • increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired gas increases alveolar oxygen
  • PAO2 = PIO2- VO2 x PT/VA = PIO2- PACO2/R
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16
Q

Alveolar O2 and CO2 during a single breath

A
  • VT is only 10% of TLC, the volume of air going into and out of the lung with each breath is a small fraction of the volume of air present in the lung
  • alveolar gas composition does not change much with each breath
  • the oscillations of PO2 and PCO2 in the alveoli are of the order of 1-2 mm Hg during eupnea
  • the large amount of air that is not exchanged acts as a buffer to minimize these oscillations
  • theres of hitch in PO2 because of the last breaths conducting zone has to go first
17
Q

Single breath analysis of anatomic dead space

A
  • inspires air containing negligible CO2 and then exhales into a spirometer while the fraction of CO2 in the expired gas is being measured
  • plots of volume expired and of FECO2 allow measurement of Vd
  • VA= VE- VD = (VE- VD) x f
  • expired CO2 comes exclusively from the alveoli and not from the anatomic dead space
  • as subject exhales, the FECO2 rises from a negligibly low level to plateau near 0.05
  • the first gas to be expired has very low CO2 because the gas comes from anatomic dead space
  • due to mixing FECO2 risesi n a sigmoid manner with time
  • the time of the midpoint of the rise of FECO2 defines the time at which all of the dead space air would be expired if there were a sharp boundary between dead space gas and alveolar gas