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BIOL 3326 Final Exam > Ventilation > Flashcards

Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation

A

= breathing: movement of respiratory medium across a gas exchange surface

usually involves muscular contraction

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2
Q

external respiration

A

exchange between medium and blood (gas exchange surface) - happens via simple diffusion

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3
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange between blood and tissues

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4
Q

cell respiration

A

tissue needs oxygen for aerobic cell respiration - production of ATP

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5
Q

passive diffusion

A

movement of gases across a semi-permeable membrane from high concentration to low concentration - no ATP required

more surface area, more diffusion

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6
Q

unidirectional vs bidirectional or tidal

A

unidirectional = more efficient = breathing water

bidirectional/tidal = not as efficient as it could be = breathing air

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7
Q

movement of medium across a gill current - countercurrent flow

A

blood flowing one way through lamellae and water flowing opposite direction between lamellae

sending blood to gills to pick up oxygen

diffusion occurs in secondary lamella

afferent branchial arteries = oxygen poor, delivers blood to secondary lamellae

efferent branchial arteries = oxygen rich

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8
Q

concurrent flow

A

movement in the same direction

less efficiency of transfer

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9
Q

types of vertebrate ventilation

A 
ram ventilation
water ventilation
pulse pump/buccal pump
frog ventilation
aspiration pump
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10
Q

ram ventilation

A

forward motion of swimming; mouth open; water forced over gill curtain

in many species, occasional - bass, catfish

in some species, almost always - tuna, mackerel, sharks, billfishes

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11
Q

water ventilation: dual pump

A

“water-breathing fishes” - most ray-fins

water forced over gill curtain using buccal and opercular pumps

oral valve, buccal cavity, gill curtain, opercular cavity, opercular valve

muscular contraction/suction phase: pressure in chamber decreases as pump drops

muscular relaxation/force phase: increased pressure in chambers, water forced out

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12
Q

pulse pump or buccal pump

A

“air-breathing fishes” - lungfishes (clade dipnoids)

Exhalation Phase:

  • transfer air from lungs to buccal chamber, buccal chamber expands, glottis opens, close oral valve
  • expulsion of spent air, buccal cavity compresses, glottis closes, oral valve opens, spent air removed from body

Inhalation Phase:

  • intake of fresh air, buccal cavity expands, open oral valve, glottis closed, pressure in buccal cavity decreases
  • compression, buccal chamber compresses, glottis opens, oral valve closes, fresh air enters lungs
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13
Q

frog ventilation

A

modified buccal pump

no ribs, no diaphragm

  • nares open, glottis closes, floor of buccal chamber lowers, fresh air enters buccal cavity
  • glottis and nares open, flank muscles compress forcing spent air from the lungs past the air held in the buccal cavity and expelling it
  • nares close, glottis opens, floor of buccal cavity elevates, air enters lungs

**What is modified in pulse pump of frogs compared to other amphibians and air-breathing fishes? No transfer of spent air to buccal cavity

vocal sac not involved; separated from buccal cavity by slits that open/close via muscle contraction

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14
Q

aspiration pump in amniotes

A

buccal pump has no role; air “sucked” in by creation of low pressure around lungs

when thoracic cavity expands (almost always involves rib movements), negative pressure draws air into lungs

when thoracic cavity compressed (almost always involves rib movements), positive pressure forces air out of lungs

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15
Q

mammal aspiration pump: diaphragm and rib movements

A

inhalation:

  • active –> muscle contraction
  • diaphragm contracts, moves caudally
  • ribs move laterally and cranially
  • volume of thoracic cavity increases; pressure decreases; air enters lungs

exhalation

  • passive –> muscles relax
  • diaphragm and intercostals relax
  • thoracic volume decreases and lung pressure increases; air exits

forced exhalation is active
-internal intercostal muscles contract, rectus abdominis contracts

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16
Q

crocodylians: rib and liver movements

A 
important components:
diaphragmatic muscles: sort of act like a diaphragm but not homologous to the diaphragm, origin - pubis, insertion - posthepatic spetum
posthepatic spetum
liver
intercostal muscles and ribs

Inhalation:

  • intercostal muscles contract - ribs move cranially and laterally
  • diaphragmatic muscles contract and pull liver caudally
  • volume of thoracic cavity increases, pressure decreases
  • air enters lungs

Exhalation:

  • diaphragmatic muscles relax, liver moves cranially
  • intercostal muscles relax, ribs move caudally and medially
  • volume of thoracic cavity decreases, pressure in lungs increases
  • air leaves lungs

liver acts like piston

17
Q

ventilation in turtles

A
  • ribs fused with dermal elements in carapace
  • do not have diaphragm (mammal trait)

within the rigid shell, (anterior and posterior) limiting membranes alter their position under muscle contraction

inhalation:

  • contraction of serratus and obliques abdominis
  • space expands, pressure decreases
  • air rushes in

exhalation:

  • relaxation of transverse abdominis, pectoralis
  • space decreases, pressure increases
  • air forced out

forced exhalation:

  • contraction of transverse abdominis and pectoralis
  • air squeezed out of lungs
  • active
18
Q

snakes

A

ribs and associated muscles extend entire length of thorax to pelvis

regional compression and expansion of body wall inflates/deflates lungs

glottis opens/closes in conjunction with rib movements

glottis extends to anterior margin of oral cavity during feeding; “snorkel”

snake lungs:

  • left lung reduced/absent in most species
  • right lung is very elongated and has 2 regions to accomodate for eating whole prey; anterior respiratory region (faveoli; faveolar region) vs posterior saccular region (has nothing to do with gas exchange)

when swallowing prey: anterior thorax is expanded and can’t compress/expand lung… posterior ribs compress/expands saccular lung thus air moves across faveolar region and respiratory surfaces

19
Q

birds

A

paired lungs with air sacs that lie among the viscera and extend into the cores of adjacent bones filling them with air instead of marrow

movement of rib changes shape of air sacs not lungs and air is then drawn into lungs

lowering sternum results in expansion of rib cage and inhalation; elevation of sternum compresses air sacs and air is expelled

BIOL 3326 Final Exam (4 decks)

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