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BIOL 3326 Final Exam > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

vocabulary

A

integument = skin

integumentary system = skin + skin derivatives (hair, hooves, nails, etc.)

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2
Q

Integument functions

A
  • protection (UV radiation, mechanical injury)
  • water regulation/osmotic balance
  • gas exchange (amphibians)
  • sensory reception/detection (pressure,cold)
  • thermoregulation (birds, mammals)
  • locomotion (hooves, nails, claws)
  • pheremonal secretions for attractions or repulsion (musk glands)
  • fat storage (in hypodermis)
  • homeostasis (mineral reservoir in bony scales)
  • defense/immunity – anti-pathogen (human skin surface ph ~4-6.8; macrophages; Leydig cells in amphibians; mucus in fish)
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3
Q

Integument components

A

epidermis
dermis
basement lamina
hypodermis/superficial fascia

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4
Q

basement lamina

A

acellular; glycoprotein + collagen and reticular (branching, net-like) fibers

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5
Q

hypodermis/ superficial fascia

A

loose connective tissue and adipose; anchors dermis to underlying muscle

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6
Q

Epidermis

A
  • boundary between organism and environment
  • stratum germinativum
  • stratum corneum
  • all cells in stratum corneum dead in terrestrial vertebrates
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7
Q

stratum germinativum

A

mitotic layer

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8
Q

stratum corneum

A

uppermost layer of cells

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9
Q

epidermal cells

A
  • new epidermal cells arise from mitosis in stratum basale

- older epidermal cells form keratin; ultimately self destruct

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10
Q

keratin

A

hydrophobic protein

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11
Q

keratinocytes

A

two types:
alpha = soft = hair, fingernails
beta = hard = hooves

dead cells, periodically shed
thicker in areas of friction (callus) (see Fig 6.6)

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12
Q

no stratum corneum in fish (see Fig 6.7)

A

all epidermal cells alive

less need for protection from environment because always aquatic

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13
Q

muscle or blood vessels or bone in epidermis?

A

no! no muscle or blood vessels in epidermis; no bone ever develops in epidermis

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14
Q

Epidermal derivatives

A

unicellular mucus glands (club cells and granular cells) in epidermis of fishes

multicellular glands in tetrapods (sweat glands, sebaceous glands)

feathers, nails, claws, hair-horns, antlers

baleen plates

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15
Q

Baleen plates

A

suspended from the upper jaw whales in clade Mysticeti (Blue Whale group); filter feeding krill

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16
Q

epidermal scales of reptiles and mammals

A

usually without bony support in the underlying dermis

17
Q

epidermal scales

A

folds of surface epidermis; heavily keratinized

18
Q

scute

A

enlarged epidermal scale

19
Q

Dermis

A

present in cephalochordates (lancelets) and craniates

attached to the epidermis via basement lamina

thicker in areas of friction; thinner at joints and regions of neural sensitivity

fibroblasts secrete collagen and elastic fibers

pigment cells (chromatosphores) in dermis or at interface between dermis and epidermis

blood vessels and nerves present, unlike epidermis

membrane bone (dermal bone) often present - fish scales, armadillo, turtles, etc.

connective tissue fibers are most conspicuous aspect of dermis

arrangement of collagen “woven” into distinct layers = plies

Plies with alternating orientation: warp (longitudinal) and weft (horizontal)

20
Q

Fig 6.5

A

flexible bias of skin in fish is oriented at 45 degrees to the body length to accomodate lateral bending during swimming

this arrangement keeps the skin flexible but tight so that surface wrinkling does not occur and turbulence is not induced in the streamline passing over the body as the fish swims

21
Q

dermal derivatives

A

dermal “armor” of ostracoderm fishes

“fish” scales

bony armor of armadillos

osteoderms of crocodylians and turtle shells

22
Q

“Fish” integument

A

different cell types that produce mucus:

  • goblet cells (upper epidermis)
  • granular cells
  • club cells/alarm cells - also produce chemicals inducing fear/alarm behavior in conspecifics… may be important in reducing exposure to pathogens
23
Q

Fish Scale Types

A 
ostracoderm scale
placoid scale
cosmoid scale
ganoid scale
teleost scale
24
Q

Ostracoderm Scale

A

dermal armor

enamel (outermost)
dentin
vascular bone
lamellar bone (innermost)

25
Q

Placoid Scale

A 
only in chondrichthyes, thus no dermal bone
"denticles" pointed at surface
enamel
dentin
pulp cavity
26
Q

Cosmoid Scale

A 
present in coelacanths (lungfish)
enamel
dentin (very thick = cosmine)
vascular bone
lamellar bone
27
Q

Ganoid Scale

A 
in primitive actinopterygeans (ray finned fishes)
bichirs and reedfishes
also in lepisosteiformes (gar)
ganoin = enamel
vascular bone (absent in gars)
lamellar bone
28
Q

Teleost scale (cycloid and ctenoid)

A

thin acellular, lamellar bone
no enamel, dentin, or vascular bone
possess circuli (=concentric rings); new circuli laid down as fish ages/grows
annual cycles; fish aging techniques

29
Q

Tertrapod integument

A

keratinization; stratum corneum (cornified layer; dead cells)

lipids often on skin surface - keratinized cells + lipids = waterproofing

multicellular glands in integument more common

glands reside in dermis; ducts

30
Q

amphibians

A

moist glandular skin; gas exchange

epidermis with mucus glands, Leydig cells

granular glands (release toxins) present; may be abundant

nuptial pads on limbs or digits during breeding season - raised pigmented callus

31
Q

non-avian reptiles

A

much keratinization; associated with terrestrial environs

epidermal scales = folds in epidermis

hinge = junction between scales; flexibility

skin shedding dramatic in squamates: ecdysis; outer and inner epidermal generations
rest –> renewal –> shed –> rest

turtles and crocodylians don’t show squamate pattern

not many skin glands in reptiles; if present, function is mate attraction/defense

femoral glands in “lizards”

musk glands in turtles (usually near bridge connecting carapace and plastron) and crocodylians (along lower jaw margin, cloacal region)

32
Q

aves

A

epidermal scales on feet/legs

feathers = homogs of epidermal scales in squamate reptiles (Lepidosauria)

few skin glands in birds

  • uropygial gland (preening)
  • salt glands in marine species
33
Q

mammals

A

Notable features:

  • hair
  • variety in epidermal glands
  • thicker dermis than other craniates
  • hypodermis is common fat reservoir

continuous exfoliation of upper stratum corneum

dermal bone –> endoskeleton components: pectoral girdle and skull contributions

dermal bone –> dermal scales in armadillos and other species

34
Q

Two major gland types

A
  1. sebaceous = releases sebum into hair follicle; ductless

2. sudoriferous (sweat) glands = with ducts to surface, in less hairy areas, absent in cetaceans (marine mammals)

35
Q

scent glands

A

modified sweat gland or sebaceous gland

intraspecific communication; pheromones or defensive signals

“odors” at well-maintained mammal sections of zoos

anal glands in canids and felids

36
Q

mammary glands

A

modified sweat gland

milk release = lactation

no nipple/teat taken into mouth:

  • licked
  • functional in male and female monotreme (egg-laying mammals)

teat vs. nipple:
teat = ducts do not open directly to surface, they empty into a chamber known as cistern

BIOL 3326 Final Exam (4 decks)

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