Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory > Ventilation > Flashcards

Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Minute ventilation

A

Volume of air expired per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Respiratory rate

A

Frequency of breathing per minute

Rf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

Volume of air reaching respiratory zone per minute
V(alv)
= Breathing frequency x (Tidal volume- physiological dead space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Respiration

A

Process of generating ATP either with excess of oxygen (aerobic) or shortfall (anaerobic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Capacity of airways incapable of undertaking gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

Capacity of the airways that should be able to undertake gas exchange but cannot (e.g. hypoperfused alveoli- not enough blood flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Physiological dead space

A

Sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Deficient ventilation of the lungs; unable to meet metabolic demand (increased PCO2 – acidosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Excessive ventilation of the lungs atop of metabolic demand (results in reduced PCO2 - alkalosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hyperpnoea

A

Increased depth of breathing (to meet metabolic demand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypopnoea

A

Decreased depth of breathing (inadequate to meet metabolic demand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Apnoea

A

Cessation of breathing (no air movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dyspnoea

A

Difficulty in breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bradypnoea

A

Abnormally slow breathing rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tachypnoea

A

Abnormally fast breathing rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Orthopnoea

A

Positional difficulty in breathing (when lying down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tidal Volume

Effect of exercise?

A

Amount of air breathing in and out per breath

Increased tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of extra air you can get in after taking in a normal breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of extra air you can get out after breathing out normally

20
Q

Residual volume

Benefit?

A

Amount of air left after complete forced exhalation

Airways are moist+ will stick together if there is no residual volume= diffucult to seperate again

21
Q

Difference between volumes + capacities

A

Volumes don’t overlap

Adding volumes together= capacities

22
Q

Vital capacity

Importance

A

IRV+ TV+ ERV
Measure of how much air you can adjust and influence
Possible to measure this

23
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

ERV+ RV

Amount of air left in lungs after a normal expiration

24
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

IRV+ TV

Amount of air you can bring in from the ‘neutral position’

25
Q

Total lung capacity

A

IRV+ TV+ ERV+ RV

26
Q

Factors that affect lung volumes+ capacities?

A 
Body size
Sex (Males= larger)
Disease (pulmonary, neurological)
Age
Fitness (Innate (more signficant), training)
27
Q

Dead space components
What leads to decreased dead space?
What leads to increased dead space?

A

Anatomical dead space
16 generations (bifocations)
No gas exchange
Typicaly 150 mL in adults at FRC

Alveolar dead space
Alveoli without blood supply
No gas exchange
0 mL in adults
Called alveolar  dead space

Tracheostomy= decreased dead space
Anaesthetic circuit= increased dead space

28
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A 
Resistance= (8ƞl)/ 𝜋𝑟⁴
ƞ= Viscosity of inspired gas
l= length of airway
r= radius of airway
At higher pressures, can't use a snorkel
29
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

P(gas) is proportional to 1/ V(gas)

Increase pressure= decrease volume in lungs

30
Q

Tidal breathing process
Forces?
Units of measurement for pressure

A
  1. At start, functional residual capacity in lungs
  2. Inspiratory muscles contract= pulls lung tissue apart
  3. Creates negative pressure= lower alveolar pressure
  4. Creates pressure gradient= generates flow until pressures balance out (at 0cm of water)
    Ambient pressure= 0cm of water
  5. Removal of inspiratory effort= lungs recoil+ compress air= pressure becomes more positive
  6. Lower ambient pressure= creates pressure gradient= generates flow from lungs to outside
31
Q

Graph of tidal breathing
P(alv) and change in alveolar volume over time
(slide 11, lecture 3)

A

-

32
Q

Chest-wall relationship
When are the forces at equilibrium?
Inspiration?
Expiration?

A

Chest wall= tendency to spring outwards
Lung= tendency to recoil inwards
At end-tidal expiration (functional residual capacity)
Inspiration= inspiratory muscle effort+ chest recoil> lung recoil
Expiration= chest recoil< lung recoil+ expiratory muscle effort

33
Q

Chest-wall anatomy
Lungs surrounded by?
Inner surface of the chest wall covered by?
In between? Contains?

Layers?

A

Ribcage+ lung tissue= anatomically linked by pleural space
Lungs surrounded by visceral pleural membrane
Inner surface covered by parietal pleural membrane
In between= pleural cavity (gap between pleural membranes)= FIXED volume, contains protein-rich pleural fluid

Skeletal muscle, skeleton, parietal pleura, visceral pleura, lung

34
Q

Haemothorax

A

Intrapleural vessel bleeding inside lung= compresses lung= less space to expand and fill with air= harder to breathe

35
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Perforated lung/ chest wall: allows air from outside/ inside lung/ blood into the space because the space is a partial vacuum= impairs lung function
(like a smaller lung in the same chest cavity)

36
Q

Generating airflow- 2 ways

Eg?

A

Negative pressure breathing: P(alv)< P(atm) (P(alv) is reduced), normal
Positive pressure breathing: P(atm) > P(alv) (P(atm) is increased), mechanical ventilation, CPR

37
Q

Three compartment model
At rest?
Transmural pressures?

A

At rest:
Alveolar pressure P(alv)= 0cmH20
Atmospheric pressure P(atm) (unless CPR/ ventilator)= 0cmH20
Intrapleural pressure P(pl)= typically -5cmH20 at rest, under negative pressure because of chest recoiling outwards and the lung recoiling inwards which creates tension.

Transpulmonary pressure P(TP)= P(alv)- P(pl)
Transthoracic pressure P(TT)= P(pl)- P(atm)
Transrespiratory pressure P(RS)= P(alv)- P(atm), dictates air flow: positive= air flows out, negative= air flows in, 0=rest

38
Q

How is the mechanics of ventilation achieved?

A

Diaphragm= pulling force in one direction (syringe)

Respiratory muscles= Upwards+ outwards swinging force (bucket handle)

39
Q 
X-axis= pressure (cmH20)
Y-axis= volume (L)
Draw graph of
Independent chest wall
Intact Lung
Independent lung
(slide18, lecture 3), label FRC, TLC, wall, Neutral postion of lung, Neutral position of chest, RV

If lungs= intact+ working, where on graph are you?

A

0 pressure, 3L volume
Intact lung= sigmoid shaped: middle of volumes= amount volume that changes per unit pressure= more signficant that at extremes, because less effort to change things

e.g. deep breath at 95%lung capacity= harder to breath in
Intact lung= product of independent chest wall+ indepedent lung

40
Q

Types of pulmonary function tests

A

Volume time curve

Peak flow

41
Q 
Volume time curve
Produced with what equipment?
Protocol
X axis, Y axis?
Normal shape of curve
A 
Spirometry
Noseclip
Inhales to TLC
Wraps lips around mouthpiece
Exhales as hard+ fast as possible
Exhalation continues until RV= reached/ 6 seconds passed
X axis= Time (s), Y axis= Volume (L)
Increase sharply at beginning, plateau
42
Q

Measurements to find on volume-time curve
Effect of restrictive disorder?
Effect of obstructive disorder?

A

FVC= forced vital capacity, highest volume on curve, empty lungs as quickly as possible, restrictive disorder has a much lower value
FEV1= Forced expiratory volume, volume expired in 1 second, obstructive disorder has a much lower value but restrictive doesn’t
FET= Forced expiratory time (don’t need to know much, it’s how long it took for plateau to start)
FEV1/FVC ratio compares how much air is coming out in 1 second
Peak expiratory flow rate (L/min)= steepest part of graph

43
Q

Peak flow
Protocol
Used for?
X axis, Y axis?

A 
Noseclip
Inhales to TLC
Wrap lips round mouthpiece
Exhale as hard+ fast as possible- don't have to reach RV
Repeat twice+ take highest measurement
Monitors asthma
Peak expiratory flow rate(L/min)
44
Q 
Flow-volume loop
Draw one (slide22, lecture 3)
Effect of mild obstructive disease?
Effect of severe obstructive disease?
Effect of restrictive disease?
(slide23, lecture 3)
Effect of variable extrathoracic obstruction?
Effect of variable intrathoracic obstruction?
Effect of fixed airway obstruction?
A

COPD (Mild Obstructive disease): curve has moved upwards because lungs are larger in COPD (Surface area goes down but overall volume increases), peak is lower, coving because by the time you’ve emptied ¾ of your air the air moves through the small airways which has mucus and bronchoconstriction giving a lower flow rate
Sever Obstructive Disease: As COPD gets worse, everything is exaggerated (vital capacity, coving, total volume increases, peak expiratory flow rate down)
Restrictive: lower volumes and less access to air, peak is lower or the same (NOT SHOWN ABOVE), filling problem not a moving gas problem
VEO: Expiratory curve is fine but inspiratory curve is blunted, still get enough air in but at a slower rate
VIO: Inspiratory curve is fine but expiratory curve is blunted
FAO: Like you’re compressing the tube

45
Q

How might recovery from serious burns affect lung volumes/capacities?

A

Most volumes and capacities reduced

Scar tissue formation= less elastic, restricting expansion of the chest at most volumes

46
Q

How does intrapleural pressure change at the start of tidal inspiration?

A

Small decrease
At start of tidal, pulls the parietal pleural membrane away from the lung
Increases partial vacuum in the intrapleural space

Respiratory (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions