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B2W2 > VENTILATION > Flashcards

VENTILATION Flashcards

1
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The movement of air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air taken in and out of each breath

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3
Q

What is respiratory rate?

A

The number of breaths per minute

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4
Q

What’s the difference between pulmonary and alveolar ventilation?

A

Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of gas into and out of the lungs whilst alveolar ventilation is the volume of air that participates in gas exchange

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5
Q

How do spirometers work?

A

It measures the amount of air you can breathe out in one second and the total volume of air you can exhale in one forced breath. These measurements will be compared with a normal result for someone of your age, height and sex, which will help show if your lungs aren’t working properly.

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6
Q

How can residual volume and functional residual capacity be measured?

A

By the helium dilation method or plethysmography

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7
Q

What is the normal FEV1/FVC?

A

70%

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8
Q

What is the inspiration reserve volume?

A

The extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort

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9
Q

What is the inspiration capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired

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10
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

The extra volume of air that can expired from the lungs after normal expiration

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11
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum, forceful expiration

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12
Q

Why is residual volume so important?

A

It functions to keep the alveoli open after maximum expiration

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13
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath

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14
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

The volume of air in the lungs after maximum effort of inspiration

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15
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

The air remaining in the lungs after normal, passive exhalation

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16
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion from alveoli to blood?

A

Solubility of gases in liquid
Partial pressure of gas
Area available for gas exchange
Thickness of alveolar membrane

17
Q

What is the diffusing capacity?

A

a measurement of the rate of transfer of gas from the alveolus to hemoglobin within a capillary

18
Q

How do you work out the oxygen content?

A

arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) times the solubility coefficient of oxygen

19
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin?

A

4 protein globin chains (2 alpha and 2 beta) which associate together in a quaternary structure. Each chain has a haem group which can bind to oxygen. Each haem group has a porphyrin ring and an iron atom at its centre

20
Q

Why does the foetal oxygen dislocation curve sit to the left of the adult curve?

A

Because it has increased affinity for oxygen so it favours oxygen loading at lower partial pressures

21
Q

What forms when carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin?

A

Carboxyhaemoglobin

22
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved in the blood
As bicarbonate
Carbaminohaemoglobin

23
Q

What is the haldane effect?

A

As the RBC enters the pulmonary circulation, O2 diffuses across the RBC membrane and binds to hemoglobin. The binding of O2 leads to allosteric changes in hemoglobin (T state to the R state) with loss of H+ and CO2. - effectively oxygen displacing carbon dioxide in the haemoglobin

24
Q

What’s the product called when oxygen binds to haemoglobin?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

25
Q

Outline the carbonic acid buffer system?

A

Carbonic anhydrase catalysed the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid by reacting it with water. The carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. The bicarbonate ions then leave the RBCs and chloride ions enter to maintain the charge

26
Q

What is the response to respiratory acidosis?

A

The kidney compensates by increasing plasma bicarbonate ions and excreting hydrogen ions into the urine

27
Q

What’s the response to respiratory alkalosis?

A

The kidney compensates by retaining plasma hydrogen ions and excreting bicarbonate ions into the urine

28
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

An increase in non-volatile acids (acids not produces from COw) e.g. renal failure

29
Q

What’s the response to metabolic acidosis?

A

Hyperventilation to decrease partia pressures of carbon dioxide

30
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis?

A

An increase in non-volatile bases (bases not produced in the body from carbon dioxide) e.g. vomiting or alcohol abuse

31
Q

What’s the response to metabolic alkalosis?

A

Hypoventilation to increase partial pressures of carbon dioxide

32
Q

What is the Henderson-hasselbalch equation?

A

pH= pKa + log (conjugate base/acid)

33
Q

What is the davenport diagram?

A

A plot of the Henderson-hasselbalch equation

B2W2 (6 decks)

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