Venipuncture and Injection Flashcards
how to know which route to use for injection
- listed on bottle on product package insert
- if not listed vet preference
- in general cloudy liquid should not be given IV
when to use intradermal
- allergy and disease testing
- large animal TB testing done on under side of tail
- Monkey TB testing done on upper eyelids
- small animals allergy testing done on abdomen
- used with local anesthetics
- in cats intrascapular SQ admin should be avoided because of vaccine induced tumors
where should SQ be given
- dorsolateral region preferred in cases of abscess formation
- small animals is between shoulder blades
- large animals in side of neck
when and why to use subQ
- easy to administer
- less painful than IM
- lower risk of hitting a vessel
- large amounts due to elasticity of the skin
- absorbed relatively rapidly unless animal is obeese
- owners can be taught at home for renal failure
where can IM be given
- hamstring muscle (SMST)
- tricepts brachii (large muscled breed)
- quadriceps
- lumbar muscle (not great for thin animals)
what are the advantages of IM
- absorbed more quickly when administered IM than SQ
disadvantages of IM
- more difficult than SQ
- more risk of accidently hitting a vessel
- can only administer small amount -2ml in SMST
wehn might IP be used
- administering anesthetics or euthanasia drugs in lab animals
- may be used in case of shock if peripheral veins inacessible
risk involved in IP
- blind technique - may hit an internal organ
- more painful than other techniques
what are jugulars in canine commonly used for
- blood samples (best)
- indwelling cath
- injections
what is cephalic used for in dogs
- injections (best), indwelling catheters, blood samples
what is saphenous used for in dogs
blood collection, injections, catheterization (more challenging due to curvature of the vein)
what is lingual used for in dogs
- not common
- hematomas common
- animal generally anesthetized
what is jugular used for in feline
- blood samples, best for larger vol
what is cephalic used for cats
- blood samples, injections, indwelling cath
what is medial saphenous/femoral used for
- blood samples
- injections
- cath
what are other blood samples in feline that can be used
- clip nails: small samples best for birds and reptiles
- lingual same as dogs
what is jugular used for in bovine
- injections, and blood samples
wha is coccygeal used for in blood samples
- common for blood samples and small injections
what is milk vein used for in bovine
- injections with caution hematomas common
what is jugular used for in equine
- indwelling catheters
- injections
- blood samples
what is subclavian/cephalic used for in equine
- blood samples (small)
- injections
- catheters (difficult to maintain)
what is transverse facial used for in equine
-blood samples
what are routes of IV in pigs
- anterior vena cava/intracardiac - blood samples only when pig deceased
- ear vein (blood collection, small injections)
- tail vein (blood collection)
- milk vein (blood collection)
when should u use IV
- irritating drug
- emmergency drugs
disadvantage of IV
- more difficult and harder to perform unassisted
- if allergic reaction occurs the process is very quick and difficult to reverse
when to use IC
- during small animal emergencies or euthanasia
advantace of IC
- very fast, very potent
- can be used in small patients where IV not possible
- administer emergency meds
disadvantage of IC
- painful to animal so should be unconscious or anesthetized
- dangerous if recovery desired
what does aseptic mean
- free from contamination caused by harmful bacteria, viruses or other microorganisms
what is aseptic technique
- means using practices and procedures to prevent contamination from pathogens
- helps reduce risk of post procedure infection in patients by decreasing the likelihood that microorganisms will enter body during clinical procedures
aseptic techniques do some r all of the following
- remove or kill microorganisms from hands and objects
- use of sterile equipment and instruments
- prevent contamination of equipment
when should we be conscientious with aseptic technique
- unpackaging needle and syringe
- assembling needle and syringe
- preparing medication bottle for injection
- drawing up a medication into syringe
- recapping needle after drawing up meds
- preparing region of body for injection
- when attempting to administer injection
veins can be used for
- blood collection
- indwelling cath
- injections
arteries can be used for
- pulse
- blood gas sampling
- catherterization fro blood pressure monitoring
what size needle for venipuncture
- no smaller than a 22 guage to prevent hemlysis
- appropriate syringe based on vol needed
what to lable vacutainer
- animal name and number
- species
-breed - sex
- age
- date
- time of collection
- group initials
what is serum
- no additives may contain a silicone plug to help separation
- red or tiger top
- serum= plasma-fibrinogen
- can keep 48h refrigerated or year frozen
- DO NOT MIX
plasma
- anticoagulant in vaculatiner to prevent clotting
- lavender or green top
-plasma contains fibrinogen - makes smear immediatly for CBC
- plasma can be kept for 48h never freeze
- invert tube at least 8 times
common errors in collection
- hemolysis (needle too small, expel blood too forcefully, too much vacuums)
- clot formation in anticoagulant vacutainer (failure to mix in timely fashion, too long to collect from vessel)
- animal too excited (increase in WBC and RBC)
- vacutainer not filled to proper vol (leads to incorrect PVC, diluted by anticoagulant)
- dirty venipuncture (probing tissue contaminants, needs clogs, patient dirty)
- start too high on limb (no where to go if hematomas form on first attempt)
- no pressure on site after withdrawing the needle
what drugs should be administered IV because they are irritating to the tissue
- barbiturates
- carparsolate
- dextrose solutions
- some anticancer drugs
problems with IV injections
- perivascular injection
- irritating to skin: kills cells and causes inflamtion, pain, swelling and causes dead tissue to slough
- to prevent use indweeling catheter - dont inject unless sure you are in the vein
- stop injecting immediatley
- infuse area with saline solution 3mls saline with 1 ml lidocaine 2% HCL
what does slough mean
- necrotic dead tissue which separates from health tissue and falls off
other problems with venipuncture
- anaphylaxis
- hematoma
thrombophlebitis (infection and blockage of the vessel, change cath every 3 days) - perivascular injections (check cath freq can kink under tape and vet wrap
- incorrect dose
- air embolism (air in syringe, gas bubbles entered into the vascular system and can be life threatening )
