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Renaissance Depth Studies > Venice > Flashcards

Venice Flashcards

1
Q

The condition of Venice c.1400?

A

-Maritime power
-Patrician Republic
-Sited/dominating the north east of Italy.
-Dominant from the Adriatic Sea to the Black Sea.
-Currency: Ducat
-Symbolic leader: The Doge.

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2
Q

Venice’s Inland territory?

A

Brescia
Cremona
Padua
Verona
Vincenza

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3
Q

Brescia?

A

-from Visconti (of Milan) to Venice in 1426.
-Sacked by the French - Italian Wars of 1512.
-Iron deposits - hand held guns manufacturing.

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4
Q

Padua?

A

-Carrara Family - 14th century.
-The Milan
-from 1405 - Venice
-2 patrician’s from Venice each elected for 16 months.
-Pilgrimage centre - (St Anthony of Padua).
-Site of one of the oldest universities - 1238.
-Galieo, Vasalius studied there.
-Mantenga, Giotto, Donatello (equestrian statue of Gattamelata), Titian.

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5
Q

Verona?

A

One of the most important cultural centres:
-Educators: Guarino da Verona
-Art: Veronese ‘The feat in the house of Levi’
-Strategic position between Imperial Austria and Spanish Milan.

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6
Q

Vicenza?

A

-Della Scala Family of Verona.
-The Visconti.
-The Venice from 1405.
-Birth Place of Palladio.

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7
Q

Maritime Empire

A

-Fortifications along Dalmatia, South Italy, Greece, Crete and Cyprus.

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8
Q

Crete?

A

-Kept until 1645
-Bought in the early 1200s.
-Influence of the Greek scholars followed the fall of Constantinople leading to the Crete Renaissance of the 1500s.
-Important to conduct Greek culture into the West.

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9
Q

Cyprus?

A

-lost to the Ottomans - 1573.
-Under Venice since 1489.

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10
Q

The fate of Venice’s Maritime Empire in the 16th century?

A

-Many Maritime possessions lost in 16th century.
-Venice gained Terraferma - as spoils of War against the Visconti of Milan.

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11
Q

Venice and Ottoman rivalry?

A

-Ottoman’s expanded in the Balkans and the Agenean islands (preciously controlled by Venice).
-1537-40 - Venice joined the Holy League with the New Pope Pual III and Emperor Charles V against Barbarossa and the Ottomans.
-1570-73 Turkish War - Venice Alliance (Pope and HRE) won the Battle of Lepanto but lost Cyprus.

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12
Q

What was the purpose of League of Cambrai?

A

-Overt purpose to combat the Ottoman threat.
-Also - to retake territorial gains of Venice in it’s Terraferma acquired in the 15th century.

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13
Q

Who was involved in the League of Cambrai?

A

-Louis XII - France
-HRE Maximilian I
-Pope Julius II
-King Henry VIII England
-Ferdinand of Spain
-Duke Alfonso d’Este of Ferrara
-and more…

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14
Q

Out come of League of Cambria - for Venice?

A

-Defeated at the Battle of Agnadello (14 May 1509).
-Pope - took back central Italy
-HRE - North East Italy
-Louis XII - North West of Italy
-Ferdinand - Venetian ports in the Kingdom of Naples.

However:
-once Venice was defeated - members of the League turned against each other.
-Venice regained its lost territories (except Cremona) - 1517.

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15
Q

Venice Arsenale

A

-32 hectares
-naval docks
-ship construction
-largest industrial area in Europe
-4000 men employed the Arsenalotti (also the DOGE’s guards and fire fighters).

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16
Q

Venice arsenal extensions

A

1104 - founded
1473 - Arsenale nuovissimo
1539 - Reparto delle Galeazze
1564 - Canale delle Galeazze e Vasca

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17
Q

What was the myth of Venice

A

-widespread belief among European intellectuals of the 14th and 15th centuries that Venice republicanism lived up to Aristotelian ideal due to the stability of Venetian institutions.
-Venetian institutions remained unaltered - while others changed everywhere else in Europe.

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18
Q

Aristotelian ideal in Venice

A

Virtuous leader - the Doge (elected).

Beneficent ruling class - the Senate.

Citizen Representation - the greater council.

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19
Q

The great council - formulation

A

-all adult members from 200 patrician families - perpetuity.
-result of the ‘SERRATA’ (closure) - 1297 - after failed coup.
-1327 - 200 families recorded in the Golden Book.
-Members of the 200 families also part of the senate, the college and the council of ten.

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20
Q

The Council of Ten

A

-1310 for State Security - spying, reports, inquisitors, occasional assassinations, secret investigations.

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21
Q

The Peace of LODI 1454

A

It confirmed Venetian possession on the Terraferma
-In land of Italy, to have toll free connection with the rest of continental Europe.
-Signed by the Italian city states ad powers, started a period of peace, broken by the French invasion of 1494.

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22
Q

What makes Venice wealthy

A

-Salt – early Venetian commercial goods.

-Silk – originally imported from China – through silk road in Europe (Sicily) – Then in Florence, Genoa, Milan and Venice.

-Glass Venetian glass makes discovered adding manganese to the compound would clarify the glass – Enameling the glass was also discovered by Venice – changing the technique of stained glass windows.

-Printing – Moveable type introduced by Gutenberg of Mainz. Printing presses: Strassburg 1460, Rome 1464, Venice 1469.
-Most important printing center in Italy.
-Aldus Manutius - founded the Aldine Press - publishing and disseminating rare texts.

-Venice more focused on practicalities than cultural grounds – Patricians prioritized their sons learning a foreign language over Greek and Latin.

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23
Q

Venetian Society- stability

A

-Venetian society - formed without a landed elite until the 15th century - acquisition of Terraferma.
-Venice did not undergo the Guelf-Ghibelline factions that occurred in other Italian city states.
-No venetian equivilent of the wool workers protests in Florence 1378 - Arsenalotti and workers in Murano - were treated well.
-aided by narrower political participations following th serrata (200 families in the golden book).

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24
Q

The Golden Book

A

-1315
-list of noble families ruling Venice.

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25
Q

The Great Council

A

-From 1297 1000+ people could join the Great Council which appointed the officials.

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26
Q

The Quarantia

A

-The Great Council chose 40 members in the Quarantia who supervised the economy.

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27
Q

The Senate and Commanders and Diplomats

A

-Senate - 200-300 of Great Council in the senate - the main legislative body + commanders and diplomats.

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28
Q

The Doge

A

-Head of the Government
-appointed for life
-power had diminished - by 1400 he was a figure head - yet still influential.

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29
Q

The Signoria

A

-day to day government
-The Doge
-Minor Council (6 Ducal advisors)
-Quarantial Leaders - 3 delegates
-Special advisers:
Savi del consiglio (wise men council 6)
Savi della Terraferma - wise men from in land (5)
-Savi degli Ordini - wise men - maritime experts.

30
Q

Artistic development in Venice:
Petrarch in Venice

A

-lived their from 1362 to 1367
-left part of his library.

31
Q

Artistic development in Venice:
Influence of culture of governing of Venice?

A

-Venice’s selection of governors - not based on cultural ground - as the Chancellor of Florence was.
-venetian patricians values practical education for their sons over studying the letters.
-Foreign language deemed more useful that Ciceronian Latin.

32
Q

Artistic development in Venice:
Aldus Manutius

A

1450-1515
-Greek club - founded by Aldus Manutius
-Only allowed to speak Greek - fined if you didn’t
-Fine used to fund banquets in imitation of Platonic symposia - 40 members.
-visitor members included Erasmus.

-Invented type Necademia - for printing.
-Founded the Aldine Press.
-publishing and disseminating rare texts.
-interest in and preservation of Greek manuscripts mark him as an innovative publisher of his age.

33
Q

Artistic development in Venice: Giogione

A

-1478-1510
-Pupil of Giovanni Bellini - prolific and influential.
The Tempest - 1508:
-the landscape, with its ruins in the background, evokes a sense of the classical past - reflects Renaissance fascination with antiquity.
-Naturalistic techniques - Renaissance interest in natural world.
Sleeping Venus
-Classical influence of Roman Goddess of love and beauty - Renaissance inspiration from classical mythology.
-revival of interest in idealized beauty - classical art and humanist philosophy. figure Venus - exemplifies this - with graceful pose, smooth skin, and serene expression.
-Renaissance - renewed interest in depiction of the nude figure, often imbued with erotic undertones - human body and its capacity to evoke desire - inspired by classical statues/art.

34
Q

Artistic development in Venice: Titian

A

1489-1576
-Pupil of Giovannia Bellini
-Painter of HRE Charles V.
-And King Phillip.
Innovation and technique:
-Master of “alla prima,” - paint application wet on wet - spontaneous and expressive manner.
-seen in “Bacchus and Ariadne,” 1520-23.

Portraiture:
-captured personality and inner depth.
-pioneered more naturalistic and psychological approach to portraits.
-Move away from idealized portraits of the Renaissance - to wards more individual personal figures.
-E.g. Portrait of a Young Man.

Mythological:
-Combines mythology with psychological complexity of his portraiture.
“Bacchus and Ariadne” (1520-1523):
-depicts mythological story of Bacchus, the god of wine, encountering Ariadne, the abandoned princess of Crete, on the island of Naxos.
-Venus of Urbino 1538 - incorporates nudity of the classical era that was revived in the Renaissance.

35
Q

Artistic development in Venice: Tintorreto

A

1519-1594
Dramatic use of light and dark:
-The Last Supper” (1592-1594)
-showcases his mastery of dramatic lighting, with strong contrasts between light and shadow creating a sense of theatricality.

Brush work:
-“The Miracle of St. Mark Freeing the Slave” (1548-1553).
-Tintoretto’s vigorous brushstrokes convey a sense of urgency and dynamism.

Naturalism and movement:
-The Finding of the Body of St. Mark” (1562-1566)
-showcases Tintoretto’s ability to depict figures in dynamic poses, conveying a sense of action and emotion.

-use of dramatic lighting, expressive brushwork, and dynamic compositions -influenced Baroque painters - Peter Paul Rubens and Diego Velázquez.

36
Q

Artistic development in Venice: Veronese

A

1528-1588
-Son of Sculptor - worked with Tintoretto.
-Painted the Last Supper - had to change name to The House of Levi (1573), to to the celebratory atmosphere and the presence of soldiers and dogs - was questioned by the Inquisition.

37
Q

Cultural development in Venice: Palladio

A

-Patronage of Trissino (who was a dramatist, poet, linguist and theorist)
-introduced to maths, music and literature.
-Wrote ‘The four books of architecture’ - very influential - very influenced by Roman and Greek architecture - especially Vitruvius.
-Palladio applied classical architectural principles to military structures.
-‘Olympic theatre’ - Vincenza Italy - opened 1585.

38
Q

Cultural development in Venice: Monteverdi

A

-Composer.
-Patronage of the Duke of Mantua.
-Several books of madrigals and sacred music.
-E.g. Book 1, 1587: Madrigali a cinque voci.

39
Q

Cultural development in Venice: Aretino

A

1492 - 1556
Son of a Cobbler.
-Came to Venice from Arezzo.
-Patronage of Chigi, Giovanni de Medici, Leo X
-‘Ragionamenti’, comedy, lewd sonnets, also devotional work.
-Comedies such as La cortigiana and La talenta,

40
Q

Cultural development in Venice: Bembo

A

-1470-1547
-Poet, courtier.
-The ideal courtier according to Castiglione (author of the Courtier).
-Patronage of Leo X, Paul III made him cardinal.
-wrote one of the earliest Italian grammars and assisted in establishing the Italian literary language.
-Author of History of Venice - 1529.

41
Q

Cultural development in Venice: Cardinal Bessarion

A

1403-72
-Cardinal from 1439
-Church man, humanist, book collector.
-Greek born
-at the Council of Ferrara and Florence (1437-39) to promote union between Eastern and Western Christianity.
-Patron of immigrant greek humanists.
-Bequeathed his collection of greek manuscripts to the Republic of Venice - 1468.
-Nucleus of the Library of St. Mark - the Marcinia.

42
Q

Manuel Chrysoloras

A

1350-1415
-Twice in Venice - 1390s and 1406-10.
-founder of Greek Shcolarship in Italy - when from 1397 and 1400 he taught Greek in Florence to an audience including:
-Bruni
-Vergerio
-With Salutati - contributed to 15th century Florentine humanism.

Diplomat - travelled all over Europe - at service of Emperor of Constantinople.

Promoted the Council of Constance

Converted to Catholicism

Books: Greek grammar (translated to latin) - used by Erasmus and Reuchlin.

43
Q

Ottoman leaders - 15th and 16th century?

A

-Mehmed ‘The Conquerer’
1451-81 (leader).
-Expanded the Ottoman empire to the Balkans (South East of Europe)

-Suleiman ‘ the magnificent’
-1520-1566
-When the empire reached the greatest extent.

44
Q

Siege of Vienna

A

1529

-expedition by the Ottomans against the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor.

-resulted in their defeat.

-The lifting of the siege marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman domination in eastern Europe.

45
Q

Time Line - the fall of Constantinople

A

-1444 - Sultan Murat II - defeat Europeans crusaders at Varna.

  • King of Poland and Hungary - killed during battle (Led to crisis of the most powerful state in Europe).

-Hunyadi of Transilvania and Skanderberg of Albania - left to hold back the Ottoman advance towards Central Europe.

-They were defeated by Ottomans - 1448 Battle of Kosovo

-Mehmed II - takes over from Murat II - 1451.
-signed treaties with Venice, Genoa and Hungary.
-Main aim: to take Constantinople - ruled by last Roman Emperor Constantine XI.

-1453 - Fall of Constantinople.
-resistance fell - outnumbered by Ottoman forces:
-100,000 people vs 10,000 soldiers, 69 vs 15 cannons, 136 vs 26 ships.

46
Q

Consequences of the fall of Constantinople?

A

-New phase of Renaissance
-Greek scholars moved west
-Trade routes sought westward
-Westward movement of the Ottomans.

-trade became more expensive for Venice (duties) - loss of outposts and trading routes - impacted Venetian economy.
-longterm - opened new trade routes westward (Spain and Portugal - exploration) - greatly impacted Venetian economy.

47
Q

Who were the Ottomans?

A

-One of several muslim emirates on the border of the Byzantine Empire.

48
Q

Where were the Ottomans based?

A

In today’s north Turkey; south of Constantinople.

49
Q

When did the Ottomans expand their territory?

A

-late 13th century - at the expense of the Byzantine possession in today’s turkey (Anatolia).

50
Q

Who were the main enemies of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean?

A

In the Mediterranean:
-Venice (and allies)
-Spain

51
Q

Ottoman Expansion after Constantinople By 1481

A

-Defeats Bosnia - consolidates Ottoman rule in the Balkans - where only few Venetian possessions are left along the Adriatic Coast.

52
Q

Ottomans vs Venetians:
Battle of Lepanto

A

Battle of Lepanto (1571)
-naval battle - between Venetians (and allies Holy League) and Ottomans.
-Gulf of Patras.
-Decisive victory of Holy league.
-Response to Ottoman expansion in the Mediterranean - marked significant set back for Ottoman Naval Power.

53
Q

Ottomans vs Venetians:
War of Cyprus

A

War of Cyprus (1570-1573)
-Between Venetian Republic and Ottoman Empire - over control of Cyprus.
-Conflict began - Ottoman invasion of Cyprus 1570 - defense of territory.
-Venetians defeated - loss of Cyprus (significant trading port).

54
Q

Ottomans vs Venetians:
Treaty of Constantinople

A

Treaty of Constantinople (1479)
-Peace of Constantinople
-Signed Venice and Ottomans due to Ottomans reaching the outskirts of Venice.
-Venetians were allowed to keep some territories: Antivan, and Durrës.
-ceded Shkodra, many territories on the Dalmatian coastline, and relinquished control - Greek islands e.g. Lemnos.
-forced to pay 100,000 ducat indemnity.
-Agreed to a tribute of around 10,000 ducats trading privileges in the Black Sea.

55
Q

Venice at war?

A

Domination of the Adriatic and East Mediterranean (14th and 15th centuries).

Led Venice to valuable conquests of Terraferma in the north of Italy - expense of Milan - Main adversary - the north of the Italian Peninsula.

Loss of Venetian outposts along the Dalmatian coast - and their possession’s on the Eastern Mediterranean in the 16th century.

56
Q

Venice Warfare - 13th century?
note to self - I don’t think I need to know this

A

-IV Crusade - supplies and transport dealt to the Crusaders - who to in return agreed to take Dalmatian port of Zara (1202).

-IV Crusade - culminated with sack of Constantinople - 1203-4. Reinforced Venetian domination near the East - however lead to further decline of the Byzantine Empire.

57
Q

Venetian warfare - 14th century?

A

-Between 1377-81
alliance of genoa, Hapsburg duke of Austria, the King of Hungary - attacked Venice - by land and sea.

Venice - used galleys - with gun powder, artillery on a ship for the first time.

Despite concessions, Venice prevailed and defeated its main naval antagonists in the Mediterranean.

58
Q

Venice warfare - 15th century?
-Abroad
-Terraferma
-Effect

A

-Expanded control of Eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus in 1489) and Aegean Sea - also along the Italian and Dalmatian coast.

Terraferma conquests:
-Expense of Hapsburg and Milan.
-Verona, Padua, Brescia, Bergamo, Cremona.

Effect:
-Added to prestige of Venice - also the security of its trade form East to West.
-City states of the Terraferma were valuable and reduced the cost of trading with the rest of Europe.
-eliminated the duties to be paid when crossing borders controlled by different cities.

59
Q

Venice warfare under the Doge - 15th century

A

Doge: Francesco Foscari

-Venice Drawn into a long, expensive and mostly inconclusive war against Milan - went on for the entire duration of Foscari’s rule (1423-57)

Venice’s army supported by Condottieri:
-Carmagnola 1425-32 - executed for betrayal.
-Gattamelata 1434-41
-Colleoni - 1453-75
among others.

60
Q

Venetian warfare - 16th century?

A

Ottoman Sultan Suleiman ‘the magnificent’ - Empire of the Turks reached maximum extent.

Extended to the Balkans, at expense of Hungary and Venice - lost it’s outposts along the Dalmatian coast.

Only naval defeat that stopped Ottoman expansion - Lepanto against Holy League - held back the Ottoman’s - yet Cyprus fell 1570.

61
Q

Venice warfare under the doge - 16th century?

A

Doge Andrea Gritti
1523-38
concluded a treaty with the Spanish King and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V/I in 1523 - ending Venetia involvement in the Hapsburg Valois (Italian Wars) conflict.

62
Q

Why was Venice a printing centre?
Venice’s dominance in trade

A

-main naval force in the Mediterranean Sea.

-Centre of thick commercial relations with the greatest European and non-Europeans powers.

-Merchants + artisans brought over technological innovations and capital.

-plenty of raw materials.

-favorable trading conditions - meant it was positioned to meet high demands for printed matter in Europe.

63
Q

Why was Venice a printing centre?
Venetian artisan and commercial world was extremely dynamic and open to novelties.

A

-One of the richest cities at the time.

-cosmopolitan city - so powerful that Rome and Catholic Church failed to subjugate and censor it.

-Printers came due to freedom of press - Venice was a Republic.

64
Q

Significance of Aldus Manutius to Venetian printing?

A

-Moved to Venice 1490.

-Attracted to cities relative liberty.

-He opened a publishing house, the Aldine Press, and in 1495.

-1st book - Erotemata by Constantine Lascaris.

-Manutius embarked on “an ambitious publishing-educational programme to disseminate and protect the classic Greek and Latin culture,”.

-Pioneered the ‘formato in ottavo’ - small, portable books, cheaper to buy - accessible to general public - widened sphere of readers.

-New print ‘aldino’ (italics) - took less space on the page than heavy Gothic characters.

65
Q

Venice’s success as a printing centre

A

-Manutius not alone - other publishing families include the:
-Sessa
-Giunta
-Scoto
-Giolito

-15th and 16th century - main city in publishing.
-48.6%-54% of total Italian book production.

-250 publishers operated in city during 16th century.
-25,000 editions of books printed in Venice.

-Success of publishing industry meant writers could live off their craft - attracted many scholars to Venice.

66
Q

Impact of Venice on university education?

A

-Padua - in northern Italy - among the best universities of the time - and was under the Venetian Republic.

67
Q

Impact of Venice on education:
Vergerio

A

Pietro Paolo Vergerio
-treaties on education were influential during the Renaissance.

-identified following subjects as part of the study programme: Grammar, History, Moral Philosophy and Poetry.

-Promoted philosophy of education - aim was life long love for learning.

68
Q

Impact of Venice on education:
da Feltre

A

-Vittorino da Feltre.

-opened school ‘Casa Giocosa’ - Happy House.

-taught children of elite and poor who showed talent - paid there fee’s himself.

-Different teaching approach/style:
-intellectual and physical development.
-different from the Medieval class setting -corporal punishment was employed liberally.

-Formulated the idea of the Renaissance man ‘health of body, strength of mind and strong character’.

-Pupils: Federico da Montefeltro, Poggio Bracciolini (humanist book hunter)

69
Q

Impact of the Council of Trent on Venice?

A

1545-1563

-Venetian delegates were engaged in the discussions of the council.
-reflects cities commitment to addressing religious challenges.

-Implementation of Decrees:
-implemented councils decrees within its territories.
-involved: doctrinal matters, church discipline, and liturgical practices.
-reforms regarding education/training of clergy.

-Council contributed to reaffirming Catholic doctrine in Venice.

70
Q

Impact of the Venetian Inquisition?

A

-established late 16th century.

-combat heresy and enforce religious orthodoxy.

-Primarily concerned with rooting out Protestantism.

-Presence reflects the Church’s efforts to maintain control and authority in Venice.

71
Q

Impact of Church Patronage in Venice?

A

-Major Patron of the Arts - works for churches and religious institutions.

-Titian, Tintorreto and Veronese - masterpieces for the Church in venice.

-Titian: ‘Assumption of the Virgin’ - altar of the Frari in Venice - 1518.

-Tintorreto - ‘Last Supper’ - San Giorgio Maggiore monastery in Venice - 1594.

-Venetian Churches - E.g. Church of San Giorgio Maggiore - Andrea Palladio.

72
Q

Challenges to the Church in Venice?

A

-Civic commercial prosperity and cosmopolitan culture - contributed to spread of ideas - E.g. humanism and religious skepticism.

-Republic of Venice unique political structure - limited papal authority over territories - greater independence from ecclesiatical control.

-Reform movements addressed the abuses and shortcomings of the Church - in Venice this reform was encouraged within the Catholic Church - not against it:
The Theatine Reform - advocated reform within CC.
-established communities dedicated to spiritual renewal.
-Emphasised clerical discipline.
-addressed moral laxity and corruption among clergy.

Renaissance Depth Studies (3 decks)

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