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Renaissance Depth Studies > Savonarola > Flashcards

Savonarola Flashcards

1
Q

Which Order did he belong to?

A

-preaching order of the Dominican.

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2
Q

What where the main Orders?

A

-Dominican
-Franciscans
-Augustinians
-The Dominicans dominated the Inquisition.

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3
Q

Where was he originally from? What was the effect of this?

A

-Ferrara
-His accent during his first experience in Florence in 1480s.

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4
Q

Schooling?

A

-University educated - knowledgable in humanism and classical philosophy.

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5
Q

Effect of Savonarola’s knowledge of the classics?

A

-Combined knowledge of classics and Holy scriptures gained him respect from Dominican colleagues and humanist.
-E.g. Pico della Mirandola.
-Late 1480s - appointed master of studies in Bologna (most prestigious university in Europe).

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6
Q

Which position did he gain after 1 year of returning to Florence? When was this?

A

-Prior of San Marco 16 May 1491.

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7
Q

Secular admirers of Savonarola?

A

Attracted respect of:
-Lorenzo de Medici
-Poliziano
-Botticelli
-Pico della Mirandola
-Ficino (for a while - break with Ficino when he refused to accept Plato’s teaching - Ficino had dedicated his life to reconciliation of Plato and Christianity late 1490s).

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8
Q

What did Savonarola do before returning to Florence in 1490?

A

-itinerant preacher - centre and north of Italy.
-refined preaching skills, accent and gained knowledge of Italian politics (hence his later prophesies).

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9
Q

Ideas in Savonarola’s visions/preachings?

A

-Inspired by Medieval approach on the basis of the old testament.
-need to repent
-abandon luxuries, gambling, prostitution, sodomy.
-Spoke on behalf of ‘simple folk’ and poor.
-puritanical change to make Florence ‘City of God’
-Threatening the wrath of god.
-Need of Florence to join ‘Ark of God’ - which his teachings provided.
-Saw himself as the ‘Voice of God’.
-visions of the ‘Black Cross’ over the Earth.
-Claimed he was visited by the Virgin Mary.
-Instilling fear of God in audiences.

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10
Q

Political messages in Savonarola’s preaching?

A

-Spoke of political reforms and against tyranny.
-Supported the Signoria after the fall of Piero de Medici - to avoid civil unrest.

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11
Q

When did Savonarola become a political leader?

A

-Fall of Piero de Medici 1494/5.
-became political leader.
-inspiring reforms: Republican Great Council of the 500 - building of a hall to host it.

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12
Q

Savonarola’s Prophecies?

A

Predicted the death of Key Italian figures:
-Lorenzo - 1492
-Pope Innocent VIII - 1492
-King of Ferrante 1494.
Predicted arrival of invader that would renew the corrupted Roman Church:
-‘Scourge of God’ - King of France - Charles VIII - whose death he also predicted - 1498.
son of king charles VIII

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13
Q

Savonarola’s books?

A

1495 - Compendium of Revelation.
(4 editions in Italian, 1 in Latin, 4 more in 1496 in Paris Germany and Constantinople)
1497 - Triumph of the Cross, and Treaties on the Government of the city of Florence.
Exposition- 1498

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14
Q

Savonarola’s role in the French Invasion?

A

-Late ‘94 - 3 consecutive days of Sermons - Savonarola takes credit for speaking on behalf of god, for the truth of his prophecy ‘The Scourge of God’.
-‘Behold the Sword of the Lord striking and swift’
-Italy and Florence deserve punishment for sins: lust, envy pride.
-This fits with Charles VII invasion - he seems to fulfill the prophecy.
-Sav offers possibility of salvation to Florence - like gods Ark.

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15
Q

Actions of of Piero de Medici in French invasion?

A

-Florence and Signoria against his decisions.
-Piero ride to Charles VIII - attempt to make a peace treaty.
-Meeting - unsuccessful: has to open Florence to french troops - 200,000 Florins to French army.
-Piero returns - protected by Orsini and mercenaries - unwelcome reception - lead to Florence on brink of civil war.
-Piero forced to withdraw in palace - Signoria decrees anyone fighting on Medici’s side - condemned to death.
-Piero and Giovanni collect valuables - leave Florence - certain valuable left at San Marco - for Pico and Ficino.

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16
Q

Actions of Signoria/Savonarola in the French Invasion?

A

-Signoria opposed to Piero de Medici.
-Gonfaloniere and Signoria - summon Council of 70.
-Send 4 ambassadors led by Savonarola to Charles VIII.

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17
Q

Relevance of Calumny of Apelles?

A

-Botticelli
-Inspired by rumors that Savonarola was acting agains Piero.
-allegory where suspicion and ignorance drag along the wrongly accused.
-Apelles - finest painter of anciet world - wrongly accused.

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18
Q

The wrath f Florence against the Medici?

A

-San Gallo monastrey - burnt to the ground - paid for by Medici - contained art - and had been planned by Brunelleschi.
-record of debts Burnt - Medici bank in crisis.
-

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19
Q

The French in Florence?

A

-Enter Pisa as liberators from the Medici Florence rule.
-Charles VIII - ‘welcomed as ‘scourge of God’.
-Charles enter Florence - bargain with Signoria - gets him 120K gold Florins.
-french troops leave after Savonarola’s exhortation to continue their mission to Naples.

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20
Q

Savonarola on the French in Florence?

A

Sermons:
-Every man in Florence to keep his place
-Not everyone has the aptitude to govern
-Nor harm from Charles VIII
-Florence is the ‘Ark of Salvation’
Comes across as:
-truthful prophet
-the defender of order in Florence
-protector of Florence against the French.

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21
Q

Bargain between Signoria and Charles VIII?

A

-Was promised 200,000 by Piero.
-Signoria told him unless he accepted 120k instead - they would call the Florentines of French troops.

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22
Q

French army included who?
How was it viewed by contemporary Italians?

A

French Army: 10,000.
included:
-7000 Swiss infantry mercenaries.
-Dalmatian troops.
-Bretons.
-Scots.
Considered:
-Barbaric and Bestial.
-Florentine feared they would Sack the city.

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23
Q

French Army in Rome?

A

-Charles VIII - forced pope out of his fortress by cannon.
-Could not act against Alexander VI due to his religious beliefs.
-Alexander - 19 mules with gifts - get Charles out of Rome.
-Cesare Borgia - forced to accompany Charles VIII - escaped with 1/2 of gifts - other boxes mostly empty.

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24
Q

The French in Naples?

A

-took over Naples
-left by May 1495 - when Ferrante II was welcomed back by Naples.
-Army spread syphilis from Naples to North of Italy as they moved North.

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25
Q

The Holy League

A

-mid/late 1490s - included Venice, Rome, Milan, Naples and HRE - Florence not during Savonarola’s time.
-Summoned by Alexander VI called Holy League against French.
-Unable to stop their return to Florence - but did clash - Charles lost most stolen treasures.
-Pope blamed Florence’s lack of participation for failure of league.

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26
Q

Holy League and Piero de Medici?

A

1511 Holy League - defeated French in 1512 - Forced Florence to take back Piero de Medici.

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27
Q

Savonarola - punishment of God for Charles the VIII failure?

A

-warned Charles he would be punished if he did not complete the Scourge of God.
-premature death of his son in 1496.
-another fulfillment of Savonarola’s prophecies.

28
Q

Government in Florence after fall of Piero?

A

-Medici lost support in Florence
-Signoria - inspired by direct action and preaching of Savonarola called Parlamento.
-got rid of council of 70-100 (Medici made).
-set up Great Council by open election (every male over 29) - probably first time since Ancient Athens.

29
Q

Anti-Savonarola factions?

A

The Arrabiati (enraged ones):
- Resented Savonarola’s involvement in the secular government.
-main anti-Savonarola group.
The Bianchi:
-the whites
-glad medici had gone - but did not want Savonarola in secular government.
The Teipidi:
-Against Savonarola - supported by permissive clergy.
The Bigi:
-The Greys
-Plotting for return of the Medici.
-Piero failed to return power of the Medici in 1497 - lack of support in Florence.
The Compagnacci
-proactively harassing Savonarola’s supporters.
-Involved in the Seige of San Marco - leading to capture of Savonarola - 1498

30
Q

Pro-Savonarola factions?

A

The Piagnoni
-The Wailers
-main supporters of Savonarola.
-broad group - included very destitute, also likes of Botticelli, and members of Signoria.
-Savonarola made sure voices of Piagoni were heard/represented in the Great Council.
The Frateschi
-the Friar’s men
-San Marco’s monks and other intellectual.
“Bully boys”
-had to be escorted during the period to avoid his likely assassination.

31
Q

Who paid and who built the Hall for the great council of 500?

A

-Employed by Savonarola
-Simone del Pollaiulo.

32
Q

Savonarola’s sermons influencing Florentine politics after fall of the Medici?

A

-Preached for love of God
-for good government to diminish the factional struggle in Florence after fall of Medici.
-Struggle had caused anti-Medici sentiments - lead to violence against Medici supporters.

33
Q

Savonarola ‘Compendium of Revelations’

A

-written in 1495
-4 editions in Italian within 3 weeks of publication.
-Discusses corruption of the Church - need for renewal.
-Origin of his prophecies (satan or god?).
-mythical journey to visit The Virgin Mary in Heaven, accompanied by simplicity, prayer, and patience.
-echoes Dante’s journey in the Divine Comedy.

34
Q

Political Isolation of Florence under Savonarola

A

-French Invasion and launch of Holy League - Florence isolated politically.
-Savonarola - Keep Florence Florence allied to France - stayed in contact with Charles VIII - encouraging him to fulfill role of the Scourge of God - to avoid gods punishment.
-Premature death of Charles’ son - meant he would not lead another expedition into Italy - Savonarola was even more politically isolated.

35
Q

Economic Struggle in Florence under Savonarola?

A

-French Invasion liberated Pisa and Livorno from Florence.
-meant Florence lost control over overseas trade - Pisa on the same river as Florence (Arno) - put is closer to the sea.
-Bad weather, bad harvests - led to shortages of food + high prices.
-In addition Florence was hit by Plague.
-Political Isolation meant Pisa was protected by Holy League and France’s attempt to supply Florence - stopped by Venetia Blockade.

36
Q

Savonarola - changing the habits of Florentines - after fall of the Medici

A

-preach repentance - necessary change for Florence to return to former glory.
-Many did not see this prophecy close to realisation - due to political and economic struggles.
-Savonarola suggested present state of Florence due to lack of repentance
-Preached the rejection of worldly pleasures - especially during carnival season - traditionally excessive.

37
Q

Bonfire of the Vanities

A

-1497 - Piazza della Signoria
-took place during traditionally excessive hedonistic carnival season.
-Savonarola organised charity collection and hymn singing.
-Culminated wit BoV
Luxury goods were burnt:
-Art
-Jewelry
-mirrors
-parfumes
-wigs
-cards
-dice
-secular books
-Painting of the Virgin “dressed as a prostitute”.
-statues
-Boccacios’s ‘Scurrilous Tales’.
-Petrarch ‘Love poems’
-Musical instruments.
Affected patronage of the Arts and many artists left.
-Venetia merchant offered 22000 ducats rescue all the goods - was refused - Florence’s economic situation needed the money.

38
Q

Savonarola - increasing pressure from Rome

A

-Alexander VI - blamed Florence for Charles VIII escape.
-1495-1498 - the Pope sent briefs warning Savonarola to suspend his preaching.
-Another Brief placed Tuscan Dominican order back under Millan - took away Savonarola’s independence.
- Did not excommunicate him till 1497 - due to threat from France which supported Florence - ceased after Charle’s son died.

39
Q

Piero fails to retake Florence

A

-Had some support - not enough.
-attempt in 1497 failed - Piero returned to Siena.

40
Q

Was Savonarola a humanist?
Renaissance man?

A

-he knew the works of the humanist - however often found their themes counter to Christian life - E.g. Popular vulgar themes of Boccacio or Love sonnets of Petrarch.
-Had a University education - prestigious university of Bologna.
-friends with many humanists/Renaissance figures - met Lorenzo, Botticelli, Michelangelo, and Ficino and more.
-used his knowledge of the past and adapted it to fit the present - his primary inspiration was The Old Testament but how and what he preached changed depending on circumstances.

41
Q

Savonarola’s view on the Classics?
Renaissance man?

A

-he knew the classics - enough to impress humanist - Pico, Ficino and Poliziano.
-Knew the classics enough to argue his points - however set them below other Christian authors.
-Holy Scriptures remained his first source of knowledge.

42
Q

Did he promote Renaissance values in Art, literature and politics?
Renaissance man?

A

-not much - however did preach for the renewal of the Florentines way of life and their politics - often just referring to repentance.

43
Q

Was he innovative?
Renaissance man?

A

-Change he promoted in Government brought city back to it’s republican roots - arguably more like the ancient ideal - E.g. Ancient Athens.

44
Q

Was he proactively involved in politics?
Renaissance man?

A

-Definitely
-moved Florence back to Republicanism - after fall of Piero de Medici.
-Creation of the Great council of 500.
-male of 29 had sufferage.
-But his intent was not a secular active life in politics - it was to make Florence to the City of God.

45
Q

The art market under Savonarola?

A

-Economic decline in Florence following the death of Lorenzo.
-worsened by: Civic unrest, lack of supplies, Price rises, bad harvest, outbreak of the plague.
-affect art patronage - many artist sought patronage elsewhere.
-Market for painting nearly ceased under Savonarola.

46
Q

Michelangelo under Savonarola?

A

-Michelangelo = very touched by Savonarola’s teaching - no evidence it affected his painting though.
-As a young man - practiced sculpturing skills at San Marco - where he heard Savonarola.
-looking for work - employed by Piero di Francesco de’ Medici - to make a fake Roman sculpture - to be sold to a connoisseur (Cardinal Ridrio) - found his work was not original but employed him for 3 years in Rome.
-Included religious and pagan work - ‘Pieta’, Bacchus and David - would not have been possible if he stayed in Florence - ‘City of God’.

47
Q

Savonarola’s view on art?

A

-critical of the vulgarity and lasciviousness of Renaissance art - promoting it’s destruction in the bonfire of the Vanities.
-Artist Batholomeo dela porta - offered his paintings to the Bonfire - became a friar in 1500 - however did continue to paint - very influential to Raphael.

48
Q

Botticelli under Savonarola?

A

-close “disciple of Savonarola” - still close to the Medicis.
-persuaded to quit painting by Savonarola - and gave his work to the Bonfire.
-took up painting later on - yet changed his subjects to more religious ones.
-According to Vasari - was unable to make a living - ended up poor - and relied on charity to survive.

49
Q

Savonarola and Ficino?

A

-Ficino promoted idea of original truth - that had inspired both Classic and Christian authors.
-Attempted, unsuccessfully to convince Sav that Plato could be reconciled with christianity.
-Savonarola believed Plato’s later works to be heretical.
-ended their friendship.

50
Q

Situational factors leading to the fall of Savonarola?

A

-Florence - politically isolated - France persuaded to join the HolyLeague in 1497.
-Economic: high prices, bad harvest, Pisa antagonism cause shortages, plague.
-Republican change - yet Florence still in factions.

51
Q

Savonarola - a divisive figure
- the fall of Savonarola,

A

-Worshiped, respected by many, hated by others.
His sermons provoked Hope:
-Florence - glorious future.
And Dispair:
-Florence must repent/purify
His sermons incited violence, when referring to the Arrabbiatti:
‘the time for mercy is past… take up your swords… cut the heads of anyone who opposes the Republic… like the ancient Roman with Tarquin’.

52
Q

What was the basis of Savonarola’s power?

A

-direct access to thousands with his sermons.
-Alliance/support of the French - King Charles VIII.
-The support of the Signoria.
-His real political and cultural influence.

53
Q

Basis of Savonarola’s power: direct access to thousands with his sermons.

A

-preach to an afflicted audience, christian-minded, superstitious, wishing a way out of their misery (mentioned in issues in Florence).
-Spoke without contradiction by anyones.

54
Q

Basis of Savonarola’s power: Alliance/support of the French - King Charles VIII.

A

-However not entirely reliable.
-Charles left Italy without removing pope - disappointment to Sav.
-Pope Alexander VI - eventually succeeded in convincing France to join Holy League - changed in fortune for Savonarola - Florence further politically isolated.

55
Q

Basis of Savonarola’s power: The support of the Signoria.

A

-This was also unreliable.
-between 1495-1498 - majority of the Signoria and gonfaloniere were Piagoni
-However at times they were Arrabbiati - so Florence’s government would be against Savonarola.
1948 - sequence of Arrabbaiati Gonfalonieri.

56
Q

Basis of Savonarola’s power: His real political and cultural influence.

A

Political:
-proactively determined the creation of the Great Council of 500 and the Hall of the 500.
Cultural:
-affected habits of the Florentines.
-Change carnival celebrations - BoV.
-1st meeting of the great Council - December 1494 - passed a law of death penalty for Sodomy - although only 1 person ever condemned in the 3 years.
-Used Catechism (religious youth groups in the form of questions and answers to instruct the young) to organise and radicalise the youth 12-18 - instructed the Friars of San Marco to indoctrinate the youth.
-Youth groups particularly proactive in promoting Sav’s idea during Carnioval season (E.g. BoV) - go around collecting charity, items to burn, sing hymns, appeared evidence of ‘City of God’.

57
Q

features of the Traditional festival which Savonarola replaced with charity, BoV and hymn singing?

A

-Based on pre-christian celebration
-a pagan festival
-wild revelries
-bawdy episodes
-lewd antics
-obscene ditties
-bacchanalian dances
-rudeness
-ritual stone-throwing.
-fights

58
Q

What happened before 1498?
-the fall of Savonarola - 6 events.

A

1) Savonarola literary output:
-2 books in 6 months.
-Triumph of the cross: prefigured the rationalist themes of the later period - his solutions were fundamentally medieval.
-treaty on the rule and government of the city of Florence: no tyranny, no popular anarchy, the best government is the absolute of a righteous man.
2) Collection of the BoV - met by public resentment.
3) Dominican friar Domenico da Pescia - delivered sermon on behalf of Savonarola:
-to appease the pope the Signoria advised Sav to stop preaching directly.
4) Vatican threatened to excommunicate Florence if Sav was not sent to Rome.
5) Savonarola writes to European rulers - suggesting to summon a Council of the Church to depose Alexander VI:
-managed to smuggle letters secretly - however the 2 sent to Charles VIII - intercepted - sold to Sforza - who gave to the pope.
6) In Florence - a few consecutive Arrabbiati - Gonfalonieri.

59
Q

The role of Pope Alexander VI Borgia - in the fall of Savonarola.
What issue did Pope Alexander VI Borgia have with Savonarola?

A

-His sermons often referred to the corruption of the Roman Curia - the Pope in particular - although Sav avoided naming Innocent VIII and Alexander VI (Know for his corruption - openly having children and mistresses living in the Vatican.
-The theme of corruption of Roman curia - not uncommon at the time - many authors encouraged a need for renewal of the Church.

In addition:
-Sav often referred to himself ‘Voice of God’ - resulting in constant accusations of heresy.

Role in French invasion increased tensions with the Church:
-Prophesised - Charles VIII - ‘Scourge of God’ - sent to renew the Church.

60
Q

The role of Pope Alexander VI Borgia - in the fall of Savonarola.
Popes actions against Savonarola?

A
  • sent indirect warnings and official Briefs - telling Sav to stop preaching ‘in private and public’.
    -Pending investigation on his teachings - Savonarola responded orally (in his sermons made reference to his imminate matyrdom ‘I will be cut to peices’) and in writing while continuing to preach.
    -Sav was called to Rome - declined due to poor health and risks of journey involved.
    -Sav ordered to submit to Dominican order of Milan - form which he had become indipendant.
    -Due to Sav’s political isolation and Franch invasion becoming less likely - the Pope excommunicated Sav in 1947 - meant he was banned from preaching and administrating the Holy Communion - Sav refused to comply - said he was accused without proof.
61
Q

Growing contest against Savonarola’s ways in Florence (1947)?

A

-Signoria increasingly worried by tension between Sav and the Pope - which may have impacted Florence as a whole.

-in Jan 1497 - Gonfalonieri lowered voting age - resulted in - young, hedonistic men were able to contribute to the Signoria - more likely to detest Savonarola’s puritanical ways.

-Sav’s excommunication - tilted balance of consent to Sav’s ways:
-Signoria relaxed prohibition - started a new Palio-vace, public “entertainment” reappeared - rise in the ridiculing of Piagoni.

62
Q

The Fall of Savonarola: Why did the Ordeal by Fire happen?

A

-in 1497 a Franciscan Friar - Francesco da Puglia, had challenged Sav to an Ordeal by fire.
-Later in 1498 - challenge resurfaced - taken by a faithful diciple of Sav - Friar Domenico da Pescia - although Sav dismissed it as superstitious practice.
-Was consider out of date, backward practive - however the pro-arrabbiati Signoria - considered it.
-La Pratica (selected group of great council) - considering ordeal - Pope Alexander VI - did not consent official - however saw it as a way to defeat Sav.
Those pro-ordeal:
-Saw it as a way to rid Florence of Savonarola.
Those anti-ordeal:
-Worried for turmoil it would cause.
-Worried Florence would become a laughing stock for accepting it.

Signoria - decided to go ahead.

63
Q

Events of Ordeal by Fire on the day?

A

7 of April 1498
-huge crowd waited in Piazza della Signoria.
-sudden rainstorm fell on open flames - the Ordeal was cancelled.
-Event viewed symbolically as god being displeased with the Ordeal.
-However affected the miraculous reputation of Sav - the Piagoni expected him to win miraculously.

64
Q

The Fall of Savonarola: The Siege of San Marco

A

8 April 1498 (day after ordeal)
-anti-sav factions organise attack on Piagoni - Dominicans lock themselves in Monastery - under Seige by a crowd of Arrabbiati and Compagnacci.
-Seige breaks through - took Sav to the Signoria.
-Sav, da Pescia, and Mariano Ughi - put under arrest.
-Signoria pardoned all people involved in Siege and the following descration of the monastery.

65
Q

The Fall of Savonarola: Trial and Torture

A

-Purpose of the trial was to extract a confession that would justify an accusation of treason or heresy.
-Medici supporter was interrogator - ‘Ser Ceccone’.
-Torture included strappado - and inspection of his genitals - due to an astrologers prediciton of the hermaphrodite prophet.
-Savonarola gave in - signed confession: recanting his beliefs, and even denying that his prophecies had been sent by God Himself.

66
Q

The Fall of Savonarola: Judgement

A

-Judgement requested by the Pope - Signoria at this point was all arrabbiati.
-the 3 monks condemned as heretics and schismatics.
-stripped of their priesthood and hanged and burnt 23 May 1498.

67
Q

Savonarola ‘Exposition’?

A

-wrote in captivity.
-expressed his dissatisfaction with the corrupt church and hierarchy.

-Within 2 years - editions in German, Italian and Latin.

Renaissance Depth Studies (3 decks)

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