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RHS R2104 > VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION > Flashcards

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION Flashcards

1
Q

NAME 4 LIMITATIONS OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

A
  1. lack of genetic variation leads to loss of vigour
  2. very few improvements or variations occur due to lack of genetic material exchange
  3. some methods require specific skills
  4. pests and diseases can be transmitted
  5. specific equipment and space required
  6. amount of healthy parent material may be limited
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2
Q

NAME 2 PESTS THAT CAN DAMAGE PLANTS DURING ROOTING PROCESS

A
  1. slug
  2. rabbit
  3. vine weevil
  4. sciarid fly
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3
Q

NAME 2 DISEASES THAT CAN DAMAGE PLANTS DURING ROOTING PROCESS

A
  1. botrytis

2. damping off

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4
Q

NAME 6 WAYS TO AVOID PEST AND DISEASE DURING PROPAGATION

A
  1. select healthy plant material
  2. use sterile potting media
  3. use clean water
  4. use clean tools and equipment
  5. keep hands clean
  6. ventilate adequately
  7. monitor for pest and disease
  8. take cuttings from top of plants
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5
Q

NAME 4 FACTORS THAT AFFECT PLANT HEALTH OTHER THAN PEST AND DISEASE

A
  1. scorch
  2. low light level
  3. drought
  4. low temperature
  5. nutritional status of growing media
  6. water logging
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6
Q

EXPLAIN THE TERM ‘CLONE’

A

A clone is a group of genetically identical plants derived by vegetative propagation from a single plant

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7
Q

STATE 4 HORTICULTURAL BENEFITS OF RAISING PLANTS BY VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

A
  1. All propagated plants should be identical
  2. Only method possible for sterile plants e.g. seedless grapes
  3. Plants may mature faster
  4. Seed dormancy issues are avoided
  5. Pollination not necessary
  6. Juvenile plants can be used
  7. May be possible to produce large numbers from one plant
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8
Q

NAME 4 NATURAL METHODS OF VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

A
  1. Bulbs e.g. Lilium regale, Narcissus pseudonarcissus
  2. Corms e.g. Crocosmia crocosmiflora ‘Lucifer’, Crocus chrysanthus
  3. Rhizomes e.g. Iris germanica
  4. Stolons/runners e.g. Ajuga reptans, Fragaria x ananassa
  5. Suckers e.g. Kerria japonica
  6. Stem tubers e.g. Solanum tuberosum
  7. Root tubers e.g. Dahlia ‘Bishop of Llandaff’
  8. Layering e.g. Rubus fruticosus
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9
Q

DESCRIBE THE COLLECTION OF PROPAGATION MATERIAL FOR SEMI-RIPE CUTTINGS

A
  1. From plant which is true to type
  2. From healthy plant
  3. From this seasons growth
  4. From shoot without flower buds
  5. In late summer/early autumn
  6. In early morning
  7. Cut just above a node
  8. Place in polythene bag and label
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10
Q

NAME 2 SUITABLE PLANTS FOR PROPAGATION BY SEMI-RIPE CUTTINGS

A
  1. Fatsia japonica
  2. Choisya ternata
  3. Weigelia florida
  4. Rosmarinus officinalis
  5. Viburnum tinus
  6. Rosmarinus officinalis
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11
Q

DESCRIBE PREPARATIONOF SEMI-RIPE CUTTINGS

UP TO INSERTION

A
  1. Cut just below a node
  2. Cut to 10-15 cm length
  3. Remove soft tip
  4. Remove basal leaves to give 5 cm clear stem
  5. Wound cuttings if appropriate
  6. Dip in medium strength rooting powder
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12
Q

LIST 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS USED AS ROOTING MEDIA FOR VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

A
  1. Open and well aerated
  2. Moisture retentive without being waterlogged
  3. Neutral to slightly acidic pH
  4. Light in weight
  5. Free from pest and disease
  6. Low in nutrients
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13
Q

LIST 4 MATERIALS USED AS GROWING MEDIA FOR VEGETATIVE PRODUCTION OF PLANTS

A
  1. Sand/grit
  2. Peat
  3. Perlite
  4. Coir
  5. Composted shredded bark
  6. Vermiculite
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14
Q

LIST 4 METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

A
  1. Budding and grafting
  2. Micropropagation
  3. Hardwood, semi-ripe and softwood cuttings e.g. Fuchsia
  4. Division of crowns e.g. Alchemilla mollis
  5. Leaf cuttings e.g. Camellia
  6. Root cuttings .eg. Papaver orientale
  7. Layering e.g. Clematis
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15
Q

WHAT IS VEGETATIVE PROPAGATON

A

Vegetative propagation is asexual propagation using parts of the plants e.g. stem, leaf and roots, as opposed to propagation by seed. It may be natural or artificial

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16
Q

DESCRIBE PROPAGATION OF ALCHEMILLA MOLLIS BY DIVISION

A
  1. Lift during dormant season (October- March)
  2. Lift plant with fork
  3. Remove soil by shaking or washing
  4. Keep roots moist/covered
  5. Remove dead/damaged roots
  6. Separate with 2 garden forks, secateurs or knife
  7. Divide into sections depending on size and age of plant
  8. Discard old, central growth
  9. Trim roots back to healthy growth
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17
Q

DESCRIBE PROPAGATION BY SIMPLE LAYERING

A
  1. Layering should be carried out in dormant season
  2. Choose young, flexible shoot
  3. Choose shoot free from pest/disease
  4. Make a 2-5 cm incision along stem 30 cm from tip through a leaf node
  5. apply hormone rooting powder to wound
  6. mark point where shoot touches ground with bamboo cane
  7. dig a 15 cm deep trench back to plant from bamboo cane
  8. secure wounded stem to ground in trench with wire peg
  9. secure tip to bamboo cane to keep upright
  10. cover in trench, firm and water
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18
Q

NAME 2 PLANTS SUITABLE FOR PROPAGATION BY LAYERING

A
  1. Cornus alba
  2. Cotinus coggygria
  3. Corylus avellana
  4. Camellia japonica
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19
Q

NAME 2 PLANTS SUITABLE FOR PROPAGATION BY SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS

A
  1. Lavandula angustifolia
  2. Fuchsia magellanica
  3. Pelargonium zonale
  4. Clematis spp
  5. Fatsia japonica
  6. Choisya ternata
  7. Viburnum tinus
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20
Q

DESCRIBE COLLECTION OF MATERIAL FOR SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS

A
  1. Collect in May/June for shrubs
  2. Collect from plant true to type and free of disease
  3. Collect in early morning when turgid
  4. Collect from juvenile lateral shoot without flower or buds
  5. Cut just above a node
  6. Place in polythene bag and label
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21
Q

DESCRIBE PREPARATION OF SOFTWOOD CUTTING UP TO INSERTION

A
  1. Trim to below a node to 10-15 cm
  2. Remove basal leaves and trim larger leaves
  3. Dip in low strength rooting powder
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22
Q

WHAT IS JUVENILITY IN VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

A
  1. A juvenile plant has not reached flowering/ fruiting stage
  2. A juvenile plant roots more easily due to presence of natural rooting hormones
  3. The juvenile plant may appear different to the mature plant
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23
Q

NAME 2 PLANTS SUITABLE FOR PROPAGATION BY ROOT CUTTINGS

A
  1. Papaver orientale
  2. Primula denticulata
  3. Anemone x hybrida
  4. Acanthus mollis
  5. Rhus typhinia
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24
Q

DESCRIBE COLLECTION OF MATERIAL FOR PROPAGATION BY ROOT CUTINGS

A
  1. Usually in dormant season ( but late summer for Primula denticulata)
  2. Material should be healthy, true to type and of suitable thickness
  3. Lift material carefully
  4. Make clean cuts indicating polarity and wash
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25
Q

DESCRIBE PREPARATION OF ROOT CUTTINGS UP TO INSERTION

A
  1. Make clean horizontal cut at proximal end and oblique cut at distal end of 5 cm of fat roots which will be inserted vertically
  2. Make horizontal cuts on thin roots like Primula denticulata which are placed horizontally onto soil
  3. Apply fungicidal dip
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26
Q

NAME 3 TYPES OF FACILITY USED TO PROPAGATE PLANTS

A
  1. mist bench for softwood, leaf and semi-ripe cuttings
  2. fogging unit
  3. cold frame for root, semi-ripe and hardwood cuttings
  4. heated propagator for softwood ,leaf and semi-ripe cuttings
  5. heated frame
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27
Q

DEFINE STICKING IN HORTICULTURE

A

The preparation of cutting material and insertion into container or open ground

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28
Q

NAME 4 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TO BE CONTROLLED IN A PROPAGATING FACILITY

A
  1. Control temperature to provide warmth for roots and shade for leaves
  2. Control humidity
  3. Provide drainage
  4. Control ventilation and airflow
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29
Q

DESCRIBE AFTERCARE OF CUTTINGS AFTER REMOVAL FROM PROPAGATING FACILITY

A
  1. remove dead/dying leaves
  2. monitor for pests and diseases
  3. harden off i.e. gradually acclimatise to less protected conditions by increasing ventilation, decreasing temperature and increasing sunlight
  4. pot up
30
Q

NAME 2 METHODS OF NATURAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION WITH A NAMED PLANT EXAMPLE

A
  1. Bulbs e.g. Narcissus pseudonarcissus
  2. Corms e.g. Crocus chrysanthus, Crocosmia croscosmiflora
  3. Rhizome e.g. Iris germanica
  4. Stolon e.g. Rubus fruticosa; Fragraria ananassa
31
Q

NAME 4 METHODS OR ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION WITH NAMED PLANT EXAMPLE

A
  1. Softwood stem cutting e.g. Pelargonium zonale, Fuchia magellanica
  2. Semi-ripe stem cutting e.g. Choisya ternata, Lavandula angustifolia (with heel)
  3. Hardwood cutting e.g. Buddleja davidii, Cornus alba
  4. Root cutting e.g. Papaver orientale, Acanthus mollis
  5. Layering e.g. Cornus alba, Cotinus coggygria
  6. Division eg Hosta fortunei, Alchemilla mollis
32
Q

NAME 2 PLANTS THAT CAN BE PROPAGATED FROM LEAF BUD CUTTINGS

A
  1. Camellia japonica
  2. Hylotepephium spectabile
  3. Clematis montana
  4. Hedera helix
33
Q

NAME PARTS OF LEAF BUD CUTTING

A
  1. leaf blade to produce food
  2. stem to produce roots
  3. bud to produce new stem
34
Q

DESCRIBE PROPAGATION FROM LEAF BUD CUTTINGS

A
  1. Time: summer, autumn or winter
  2. Take lengths of hardened, healthy, true to type current seasons growth
  3. Make top cut just above node and bottom cut 50 mm below
  4. Wound woody material
  5. Treat with medium strength rooting powder
  6. Insert into media to just below a node with bud just above growing media
  7. Use sterile media; 50% peat or alternative and 50% grit, vermiculite or perlite
35
Q

WHAT IS A HEEL CUTTING

A

A heel cutting is a stem cutting produced by removing a heel of bark from the main stem with the semi-ripe or hardwood cutting
Many evergreens benefit from this
e.g. Lavandula angustifolia

36
Q

DESCRIBE PROPAGATION OF A CONIFER

A
  1. Time: winter ( October, November)
  2. Take 50-100 mm cutting with heel from lateral shoots
  3. Trim heel and basal foliage
  4. Wound base of cutting by removing 10 mm sliver of wood
  5. Apply medium strength rooting powder
  6. Place in media with 50% grit or perlite
  7. Place in closed unit e.g. glasshouse, mist unit, fogging unit, heated propagator or cold frame
37
Q

NAME A CONIFER SUITABLE FOR VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

A
  1. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
  2. Taxus baccata
  3. x Cuprocyparis leylandii
  4. Cupressus macrocarpa
  5. Thuja plicata
38
Q

NAME 3 METHODS OF PROPAGATION BY LAYERING WITH NAMED PLANT FOR EACH

A
  1. Simple; Cotinus coggygria, Cornus alba
  2. Serpentine; Clematis montana, Wisteria floribunda
  3. Air; Ficus elastica, Hamamelis mollis
39
Q

DESCRIBE PROPAGATION BY AIR LAYERING

A
  1. use healthy, true to type plant
  2. perform in late spring/ summer
  3. use young green wood stems
  4. make slanted upward cut 4-5 cm long almost to centre of stem
  5. insert toothpick to keep cut open
  6. treat the wound with medium strength rooting powder
  7. envelope the wound area with damp sphagnum moss
  8. cover the moss ball with clear or black polythene and fasten ends securely with twine
  9. remove adjacent side shoots
40
Q

DESCRIBE PROPAGATION OF HOSTA SPECIES

A
  1. true to type plant is lifted in early spring or autumn
  2. soil is washed off
  3. divide on a bench using knife or spade
  4. each division should have a growth bud and root growth
  5. check for vine weevil
  6. discard centre
  7. place small divisions in pot with John Innes potting mix or soilless media
  8. replant larger divisions into ground with buds level with
    soil surface
  9. water, weed and control pests
  10. mulch
41
Q 
STATE HOW THE FOLLOWING ARE PROPAGATED
Saintpaulia ionantha
Streptocarpus rexii
Camellia japonica
Begonia Rex Cultorum group
A
  1. Saintpaulia ionantha: leaf petiole cuttings
  2. Streptocarpus rexii: leaf lamina or midrib cuttings
  3. Camellia japonica: leaf bud or semi-ripe stem cuttings
  4. Begonia Rex Cultorum: leaf slashing or leaf square cuttings
42
Q

DESCRIBE SUITABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR LEAF CUTTINGS

A
  1. control temperature
  2. avoid scorch
  3. control humidity by ventilating to avoid fungal disease
  4. provide moisture and aeration in growing media to maintain turgidity and enable respiration
  5. provide suitable light conditions
43
Q

NAME 2 PESTS THAT CAN AFFECT CUTTINGS DURING ROOTING

A
  1. aphids
  2. whitefly
  3. sciarid fly
  4. two spotted mite
  5. slugs
44
Q

NAME 2 DISEASES THAT CAN AFFECT CUTTINGS DURING ROOTING PROCESS

A
  1. damping off
  2. downy mildew
  3. grey mould
45
Q

NAME 2 PLANTS PROPAGATED BY DECIDUOUS HARDWOOD CUTTINGS

A
  1. Cornus alba
  2. Buddleja davidii
  3. Philadelphus coronarius
  4. Ribes nigra
46
Q

DESCRIBE PROPAGATION BY HARDWOOD CUTTINGS UP TO INSERTION

A
  1. collect material from healthy, true to type plant
  2. collect in late autumn/winter
  3. cut strong, straight, 6-8 mm diameter shoot, above a node
  4. prepare cuttings 15-20 mm in length with horizontal cut at base above a node and angled cut at the top above a node
  5. remove any leaves
  6. treat with hormone rooting powder
47
Q

NAME COMPONENTS OF A MIST PROPAGATION UNIT

A
  1. thermostat
  2. soil warming cable/pipe
  3. rod thermostat or sensor
  4. mist nozzle
  5. moisture sensor/probe
  6. growing media
48
Q

NAME 3 USES OF A MIST PROPAGATION UNIT

A
  1. Fine seed e.g. Begonia semperflorens
  2. semi-ripe cuttings e.g. Rosmarinus officinalis
  3. softwood cuttings e.g. Fuchsia magellanica
49
Q

NAME 2 WOODY PLANTS PROPAGATED BY SEMI-RIPE CUTTINGS

A
  1. Clematis montana
  2. Buddleja davidii
  3. Rosmarinus officinalis
  4. Camelia japonica
  5. Lavandula angustfolia
50
Q

NAME 4 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN COLLECTING MATERIAL FOR STEM CUTTINGS

A
  1. select juvenile material
  2. select material of correct hardness
  3. select material true to type
  4. select healthy material
  5. use clean equipment
  6. select material at correct time of day e.g. morning to ensure turgidity
  7. collect at correct time of year e.g. soft material spring/early summer
51
Q

NAME SUITABLE PLANT FOR PROPAGATION BY

  1. softwood cutting
  2. deciduous hardwood
  3. evergreen (conifer) cutting
  4. root cutting
  5. leaf petiole cutting
  6. leaf lamina cutting
A
  1. softwood: Pelargonium zonale, Fuchsia magellanica
  2. deciduous hardwood: Cornus alba, Buddleja davidii
  3. conifer: x Cuprocyparis leylandii, Thuja plicata
  4. root: Papaver orientale, Primula denticulata, Acanthus mollis
  5. leaf petiole: Saintpaulia ionantha
  6. leaf lamina: Streptocarpus rexii, Begonia rex
52
Q

DESCRIBE 3 DISTINCT MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR ROOTING OF CUTTINGS

A
  1. Peat; ecologically in short supply, dark, aerated, holds water
  2. Coir; waste product of coconut, light, fibrous, good water holding capacity, moderately acidic, difficult to rewet
  3. Bark; waste product of timber industry, light, acidic, poor water holding capacity, good drainage, good aeration
  4. Vermiculite
  5. Sand
53
Q

DESCRIBE HOW GROWING MEDIA ENCOURAGE SUCCESSFUL ROOTING OF SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS

A
  1. provide moisture
  2. provide aeration to allow respiration
  3. provide stability
  4. exclude light
54
Q

EXPLAIN WOUNDING IN HORTICULTURAL PROPAGATION

A

Wounding: The removal of up to 25mm of the bark from the side of the base of the stem of a woody cutting to expose the cambium. This encourages the formation of callus and therefore improve rooting.

55
Q

DESCRIBE SUITABLE ROOTING ENVIRONMENT FOR

PELARGONIUM ZONALE

A
  1. media of 50-50 peat or alternative to grit or perlite/vermiculite to provide aeration and moisture
  2. leave uncovered on glasshouse bench
  3. provide base heat of 15-20˚
56
Q

DESCRIBE SUITABLE ROOTING ENVIRONMENT FOR FUCHSIA MAGELLANICA

A
  1. media of 50-50 peat or alternative to grit or perlite/vermiculite to provide moisture and aeration
  2. basal temperature of 15-24˚
  3. place in closed case or mist unit to maintain aerial aerial environment
57
Q

DESCRIBE SUITABLE ROOTING ENVIRONMENT FOR CORNUS ALBA

A

Can be propagated by softwood, semi-ripe or hardwood cuttings
Hardwood cuttings placed directly into weed free open ground

58
Q

DESCRIBE SUITABLE ROOTING ENVIRONMENT FOR PROPAGATION OF BUDDLEJA DAVIDII

A

Can be propagated from softwood or hardwood cuttings
Softwood cuttings are placed in to media of 50-50 peat or alternative to sand, perlite or vermiculite
Basal temperature of 15-24˚
Cuttings kept in closed case or misting unit to maintain aerial moisture

59
Q

DESCRIBE SUITABLE ROOTING ENVIRONMENT FOR PROPAGATION OF CHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA

A
  • semi-ripe cuttings with brown base
  • growing media of 50-50 peat to grit
  • base temperature of 15-24˚C
  • place in closed case, mist unit or cold frame
60
Q

DESCRIBE POST ROOTING AFTERCARE OF ALCHEMILLA MOLLIS DIVISIONS

A

Alchemilla mollis –divisions should be carefully planted in weed free ground which has had organic matter and fertiliser added and kept watered. If divisions have been potted up into suitable sized pots they should be placed on a standing down area or placed in a cold frame. The pots should be kept weed free, watered and fertiliser applied if required

61
Q

DESCRIBE POST ROOTING AFTERCARE FOR LEAF LAMINA CUTTINGS OF BEGONIA REX

A

Begonia rex –cuttings should be kept moist and shaded in a closed case and gradually weaned off by reducing the temperature and humidity levels. Any dead material should be removed and checks for pests and diseases carried out regularly before potting off the rooted cuttings

62
Q

DESCRIBE POST ROOTING AFTERCARE OF AIR LAYERED FICUS ELASTICA

A

Ficus elastica –can be propagated by air layering or leaf bud cuttings. Air layers should be carefully removed from the parent plant and potted off into a suitable sized pot using an appropriate growing media and staked. The plants should be kept moist and kept in a closed environment initially where regular checks for pests and diseases would be made.

63
Q

DESCRIBE PROPAGATION OF BEGONIA REX BY LEAF CUTTINGS

A

Leaf cuttings of certain types such as Begonia rex hybrids may be taken in May or June.
Choose newly matured leaves.
Cut off the leaf stalk, then, using a sharp blade, carefully cut through the major veins, spacing cuts about 2.5cm (1in) apart.
Then place the leaf with its top surface uppermost on a seed tray of sandy cuttings compost.
Peg or weigh down at intervals to ensure the cuts are in contact with the compost, water in well then place in good light but preferably not direct sun.
Place in a propagator at a temperature of 18–24°C with a high relative humidity.
Individual plantlets forming at the points of vein cutting should be potted up into 7cm pots and grown on, once they have two or three leaves.

64
Q

DESCRIBE WOUNDING IN HORTICULTURE

A

Bark is cut away form the base of the stem to expose more of the cambium and encourage rooting
The wounded tissue is stimulated into cell division
Many semi-ripe and hardwood cuttings benefit from this

65
Q

DEFINE AIR FILLED POROSITY

A

The proportion of the volume of the growing medium that contains air after being saturated and allowed to drain.
Good air filled porosity is essential for cutting compost

66
Q

NAME 4 FUNCTIONS OF GROWING MEDIA FOR CUTTINGS

A
  1. to hold cutting in place
  2. to provide moisture
  3. to allow gaseous exchange at base of cutting
  4. to reduce light penetration to the cutting base
67
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE SUCCESSFUL ROOTING

A
  1. warmth at base promotes rooting
    (18-21˚ ideal for most)
  2. cool conditions above ground limit transpiration but high humidity can promote fungal disease
  3. tools should be clean and sharp
    4.rooting medium should be sterile, have good air filled porosity and hold water without logging)
  4. hormone rooting powder including a fungicide may be helpful
  5. keep out of direct sunlight
68
Q

NAME 3 USES OF HEATED PROPAGATOR

A
  1. softwood cuttings
  2. semi-ripe cuttings
  3. leaf cuttings
69
Q

NAME 3 USES OF MIST BENCH

A
  1. softwood cuttings
  2. semi-ripe cuttings
  3. leaf cuttings
70
Q

NAME 4 USES OF COLD FRAME

A
  1. root cuttings
  2. semi-ripe cuttings
  3. hardwood cuttings
  4. hardening off rooted cuttings
71
Q

NAME 3 USES OF OPEN GROUND FOR PROPAGATION

A
  1. hardwood cuttings
  2. layering
  3. division

RHS R2104 (3 decks)

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