Seeds in Plant Propagation Flashcards
WHAT IS A SEED
A seed is the product of sexual reproduction in a seed bearing plant. The seed forms from the fertilised ovule into a plant
NAME 2 FEATURES OF AN ORTHODOX SEED
Orthodox seeds are dry and can be stored at cool temperatures for years
NAME 2 FEATURES OF A RECALCITRANT SEED
A seed which is high in fats and does not store well
NAME 2 SEEDS REQUIRING SHORT TERM COOL MOIST STORAGE
Aescolus hippocastanum, Quercus robur
recalcitrant
STATE 4 STORAGE FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT SEED VIABILITY
Time , Temperature (cool temp,1-5 slows respiration), Moisture (keep airtight), Pests (collect from healthy plants)
WHAT IS SEED VIABILITY
A viable seed has a living embryo and the capability of germinating
WHAT IS EPIGEAL GERMINATION
In epigeal germination the hypocotyl elongates to bring the cotyledon above ground where it photosynthesises for short period
NAME AN EXAMPLE OF EPIGEAL GERMINATION
Phaseolus vulgaris, Helianthus annuus
WHAT IS HYPOGEAL GERMINATION
The epicotyl elongates to bring the plumule above ground and the cotyledon remains below ground
NAME AN EXAMPLE OF HYPOGEAL GERMINATION
Vicia faba; Zea mays
NAME 4 LIMITATIONS OF PROPAGATING FROM SEED
- some plants produce no viable seed
- storage may not be easy or for possible for prolonged period
- plants may not be uniform
- may take long time to maturity
- germination may be difficult due to dormancy factors
NAME 4 BENEFITS OF PROPAGATING FROM SEED
- sexual reproduction creates diversity of plant characteristics and increased vigour due to genetic variation
- diversity allows for adaptation to environmental change
- seed can be stored and transported easily
- seed can be harvested by gardener, less skill needed
- potential for producing large number of plants
- may be possible to avoid pest and disease transmission
- seed allows for wide dispersal
- only method available for annuals and biennials
NAME 4 PLANTS PROPAGATED FROM SEED
- Nigella damascena
- Digitalis purpurea
- Daucus carota
- Lactuca sativa
- Solanum lycopersicum
- Quercus robur
NAME 4 HORTICULTURAL USES OF SEED
- Lawns eg Festuca rubra subsp rubra
- Bedding plants eg Tagetes patula
- Fruits eg Solanum lycopersicum
- Annuals eg Lathyrus odoratus
- Vegetables eg Daucus carota
- Native trees eg Quercus robur
DESCRIBE PHASEOLUS VULGARIS SEED HARVESTING
- Harvest when plant fully ripe (brown)
- from plant free of disease and pest
- in dry weather
- from plants that are true to type
DESCRIBE PHASEOLUS VULGARIS SEED SEPARATION AND CLEANING SEED
- separate undamaged, fully ripe seeds carefully from pods
- grade and eliminate small seeds
- dry on paper for 7-10 days
NAME 4 CONDITIONS FOR STORAGE OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS SEED
- dry seed
- cool, frost free conditions
- paper envelope or bag in airtight container with silica gel
- labelled
NAME 2 STORAGE CONDITIONS FOR RECALCITRANT SEED
- moist
- cool
- for short periods only
DESCRIBE SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM SUITABLE FOR SEED COLLECTION
- fruit should be ripe and soft
- fruit should be dry
- plant should be true to type and healthy
DESCRIBE SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM SEED MACERATING AND SEPARATING
- scoop seeds from flesh
- place seeds with attached flesh into bowl/bucket of water
- allow to ferment at room temperature to remove gelatinous coating which inhibits germination
- place in fresh water after few days and remove dead seeds and debris from surface
DESCRIBE CLEANING AND DRYING OF SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM SEED
- rinse
- spread on paper/glass to dry fully
- store in cool dry place
WHAT IS SEED DORMANCY
A condition where seeds do not germinate despite suitable environmental conditions
LIST 4 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS REQUIRED FOR GERMINATION
- water for chemical processes
- oxygen for respiration
- warm temperature to sustain growth
- appropriate light level for the plant
HOW ARE THE CORRECT CONDITIONS FOR GERMINATION PROVIDED INDOORS
- water trays before and after sowing
- provide growing media with good air filled porosity
- provide heat in propagator or bottom heat of 18-20
- cover seeds or not as necessary
NAME 1 VEGETABLE, 1 HARDY ANNUAL, 1 HALF HARDY ANNUAL, 1 PERENNIAL AND 1 GRASS THAT CAN BE PROPAGATED BY SEED
- Daucus carota; Lactuca sativa
- Nigella damascena; Helianthus annuus
- Zinnia elegans,, Cosmos bipinnatus, Lobelia erinus
- Echinops ritro, Echinacea purpurea, Aquilegia vulgaris
- Lolium perenne; Festuca rubra
STATE MEANING OF TESTA AND COTYLEDON
Testa is the protective seed coat formed from integuements around ovule
Cotyledon is the seed leaf which may store energy; maybe one or two
STATE MEANING OF RADICLE AND PLUMULE
Radicle is the embryonic root
Plumule is the embryonic shoot
STATE MEANING OF EPICOTYL AND HYPOCOTYL
Epicotyl is the part of the stem between cotyledon and true leaves
Hpocotyl is part of stem between cotyledon/embryo and radicle/root
NAME 2 VEGETABLE CROPS PROPAGATED BY SEED
- Daucus carota (carrot)
- Vicia faba (broadbean)
- Pisum sativum (pea)
- Lactuca sativa (lettuce)
STATE 2 CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR VEGETABLE SEED STORAGE
- Cool temperature to slow metabolism
2. Dry atmosphere using air tight container and/or silica gel
NAME 6 CHANGES OCCURRING IN SEED DURING GERMINATION
- Water is taken in via micropyle (imbibition)
- Rate of respiration increases
- Stored food (starch,protein or oil) is metabolised
- Embryo grows with rapid cell division
- Testa breaks/splits
- Radicle emerges
- Plumule emerges
NAME ONE PLANT EACH WITH HYPOGEAL AND EPIGEAL GERMINATION
- Hypogeal : Vicia faba, Zea mays
2. Epigeal: Phaseolus vulgaris, Helianthus annuus
NAME 2 PLANTS THAT HAVE RECALCITRANT SEEDS
- Quercus robur
- Aesculus hippocastanum
- Fagus sylvatica
NAME 4 POINTS OF RECALCITRANT SEED HARVESTING
- Seeds should be from plants true to type
- seeds should be free from pathogens, reasonable size and undamaged
- harvest when ripe, falling from tree in autumn
- place in polythene bag
- label
NAME 3 POINTS OF RECALCITRANT SEED STORAGE AND PACKAGING
- Remove husk from seed
- Place seed in moist compost in polythene bag
- Label with name, date and place
- Store in cool rodent proof container for 3-4 weeks
NAME ONE VEGETABLE, ONE HARDY ANNUAL, ONE HALF HARDY ANNUAL AND ONE GRASS PROPAGATED BY SEED
- Daucus carota; Lactuca sativa
- Nigella damascena; Helianthus annuus
- Lobelia erinus; Salvia splendens; Zinnia elegans, Cosmos bipinnatus
- Lolium perenne; Festuca rubra
STATE 2 METHODS O AVOIDING DISEASE IN GERMINATING SEEDLINGS
- Use clean, fresh seed
- use sterile potting media
- use clean water from mains supply
- use sterilised containers
- sow thinly and evenly
DESCRIBE PRICKING OUT OF LACTUCA SATIVA SEEDS
- loosen seedling in seed tray
- select healthy seedling
- handle by seed leaves
- handle with care
- make a hole in growing medium with dibber large enough for root and stem
- place seedling in hole with seed leaves just above compost
- firm in with dibber
