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RHS R2104 > Seeds in Plant Propagation > Flashcards

Seeds in Plant Propagation Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS A SEED

A

A seed is the product of sexual reproduction in a seed bearing plant. The seed forms from the fertilised ovule into a plant

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2
Q

NAME 2 FEATURES OF AN ORTHODOX SEED

A

Orthodox seeds are dry and can be stored at cool temperatures for years

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3
Q

NAME 2 FEATURES OF A RECALCITRANT SEED

A

A seed which is high in fats and does not store well

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4
Q

NAME 2 SEEDS REQUIRING SHORT TERM COOL MOIST STORAGE

A

Aescolus hippocastanum, Quercus robur

recalcitrant

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5
Q

STATE 4 STORAGE FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT SEED VIABILITY

A

Time , Temperature (cool temp,1-5 slows respiration), Moisture (keep airtight), Pests (collect from healthy plants)

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6
Q

WHAT IS SEED VIABILITY

A

A viable seed has a living embryo and the capability of germinating

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7
Q

WHAT IS EPIGEAL GERMINATION

A

In epigeal germination the hypocotyl elongates to bring the cotyledon above ground where it photosynthesises for short period

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8
Q

NAME AN EXAMPLE OF EPIGEAL GERMINATION

A

Phaseolus vulgaris, Helianthus annuus

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9
Q

WHAT IS HYPOGEAL GERMINATION

A

The epicotyl elongates to bring the plumule above ground and the cotyledon remains below ground

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10
Q

NAME AN EXAMPLE OF HYPOGEAL GERMINATION

A

Vicia faba; Zea mays

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11
Q

NAME 4 LIMITATIONS OF PROPAGATING FROM SEED

A
  1. some plants produce no viable seed
  2. storage may not be easy or for possible for prolonged period
  3. plants may not be uniform
  4. may take long time to maturity
  5. germination may be difficult due to dormancy factors
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12
Q

NAME 4 BENEFITS OF PROPAGATING FROM SEED

A
  1. sexual reproduction creates diversity of plant characteristics and increased vigour due to genetic variation
  2. diversity allows for adaptation to environmental change
  3. seed can be stored and transported easily
  4. seed can be harvested by gardener, less skill needed
  5. potential for producing large number of plants
  6. may be possible to avoid pest and disease transmission
  7. seed allows for wide dispersal
  8. only method available for annuals and biennials
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13
Q

NAME 4 PLANTS PROPAGATED FROM SEED

A
  1. Nigella damascena
  2. Digitalis purpurea
  3. Daucus carota
  4. Lactuca sativa
  5. Solanum lycopersicum
  6. Quercus robur
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14
Q

NAME 4 HORTICULTURAL USES OF SEED

A
  1. Lawns eg Festuca rubra subsp rubra
  2. Bedding plants eg Tagetes patula
  3. Fruits eg Solanum lycopersicum
  4. Annuals eg Lathyrus odoratus
  5. Vegetables eg Daucus carota
  6. Native trees eg Quercus robur
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15
Q

DESCRIBE PHASEOLUS VULGARIS SEED HARVESTING

A
  1. Harvest when plant fully ripe (brown)
  2. from plant free of disease and pest
  3. in dry weather
  4. from plants that are true to type
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16
Q

DESCRIBE PHASEOLUS VULGARIS SEED SEPARATION AND CLEANING SEED

A
  1. separate undamaged, fully ripe seeds carefully from pods
  2. grade and eliminate small seeds
  3. dry on paper for 7-10 days
17
Q

NAME 4 CONDITIONS FOR STORAGE OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS SEED

A
  1. dry seed
  2. cool, frost free conditions
  3. paper envelope or bag in airtight container with silica gel
  4. labelled
18
Q

NAME 2 STORAGE CONDITIONS FOR RECALCITRANT SEED

A
  1. moist
  2. cool
  3. for short periods only
19
Q

DESCRIBE SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM SUITABLE FOR SEED COLLECTION

A
  1. fruit should be ripe and soft
  2. fruit should be dry
  3. plant should be true to type and healthy
20
Q

DESCRIBE SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM SEED MACERATING AND SEPARATING

A
  1. scoop seeds from flesh
  2. place seeds with attached flesh into bowl/bucket of water
  3. allow to ferment at room temperature to remove gelatinous coating which inhibits germination
  4. place in fresh water after few days and remove dead seeds and debris from surface
21
Q

DESCRIBE CLEANING AND DRYING OF SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM SEED

A
  1. rinse
  2. spread on paper/glass to dry fully
  3. store in cool dry place
22
Q

WHAT IS SEED DORMANCY

A

A condition where seeds do not germinate despite suitable environmental conditions

23
Q

LIST 4 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS REQUIRED FOR GERMINATION

A
  1. water for chemical processes
  2. oxygen for respiration
  3. warm temperature to sustain growth
  4. appropriate light level for the plant
24
Q

HOW ARE THE CORRECT CONDITIONS FOR GERMINATION PROVIDED INDOORS

A
  1. water trays before and after sowing
  2. provide growing media with good air filled porosity
  3. provide heat in propagator or bottom heat of 18-20
  4. cover seeds or not as necessary
25
Q

NAME 1 VEGETABLE, 1 HARDY ANNUAL, 1 HALF HARDY ANNUAL, 1 PERENNIAL AND 1 GRASS THAT CAN BE PROPAGATED BY SEED

A
  1. Daucus carota; Lactuca sativa
  2. Nigella damascena; Helianthus annuus
  3. Zinnia elegans,, Cosmos bipinnatus, Lobelia erinus
  4. Echinops ritro, Echinacea purpurea, Aquilegia vulgaris
  5. Lolium perenne; Festuca rubra
26
Q

STATE MEANING OF TESTA AND COTYLEDON

A

Testa is the protective seed coat formed from integuements around ovule
Cotyledon is the seed leaf which may store energy; maybe one or two

27
Q

STATE MEANING OF RADICLE AND PLUMULE

A

Radicle is the embryonic root

Plumule is the embryonic shoot

28
Q

STATE MEANING OF EPICOTYL AND HYPOCOTYL

A

Epicotyl is the part of the stem between cotyledon and true leaves
Hpocotyl is part of stem between cotyledon/embryo and radicle/root

29
Q

NAME 2 VEGETABLE CROPS PROPAGATED BY SEED

A
  1. Daucus carota (carrot)
  2. Vicia faba (broadbean)
  3. Pisum sativum (pea)
  4. Lactuca sativa (lettuce)
30
Q

STATE 2 CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR VEGETABLE SEED STORAGE

A
  1. Cool temperature to slow metabolism

2. Dry atmosphere using air tight container and/or silica gel

31
Q

NAME 6 CHANGES OCCURRING IN SEED DURING GERMINATION

A
  1. Water is taken in via micropyle (imbibition)
  2. Rate of respiration increases
  3. Stored food (starch,protein or oil) is metabolised
  4. Embryo grows with rapid cell division
  5. Testa breaks/splits
  6. Radicle emerges
  7. Plumule emerges
32
Q

NAME ONE PLANT EACH WITH HYPOGEAL AND EPIGEAL GERMINATION

A
  1. Hypogeal : Vicia faba, Zea mays

2. Epigeal: Phaseolus vulgaris, Helianthus annuus

33
Q

NAME 2 PLANTS THAT HAVE RECALCITRANT SEEDS

A
  1. Quercus robur
  2. Aesculus hippocastanum
  3. Fagus sylvatica
34
Q

NAME 4 POINTS OF RECALCITRANT SEED HARVESTING

A
  1. Seeds should be from plants true to type
  2. seeds should be free from pathogens, reasonable size and undamaged
  3. harvest when ripe, falling from tree in autumn
  4. place in polythene bag
  5. label
35
Q

NAME 3 POINTS OF RECALCITRANT SEED STORAGE AND PACKAGING

A
  1. Remove husk from seed
  2. Place seed in moist compost in polythene bag
  3. Label with name, date and place
  4. Store in cool rodent proof container for 3-4 weeks
36
Q

NAME ONE VEGETABLE, ONE HARDY ANNUAL, ONE HALF HARDY ANNUAL AND ONE GRASS PROPAGATED BY SEED

A
  1. Daucus carota; Lactuca sativa
  2. Nigella damascena; Helianthus annuus
  3. Lobelia erinus; Salvia splendens; Zinnia elegans, Cosmos bipinnatus
  4. Lolium perenne; Festuca rubra
37
Q

STATE 2 METHODS O AVOIDING DISEASE IN GERMINATING SEEDLINGS

A
  1. Use clean, fresh seed
  2. use sterile potting media
  3. use clean water from mains supply
  4. use sterilised containers
  5. sow thinly and evenly
38
Q

DESCRIBE PRICKING OUT OF LACTUCA SATIVA SEEDS

A
  1. loosen seedling in seed tray
  2. select healthy seedling
  3. handle by seed leaves
  4. handle with care
  5. make a hole in growing medium with dibber large enough for root and stem
  6. place seedling in hole with seed leaves just above compost
  7. firm in with dibber

RHS R2104 (3 decks)

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