Vectors and transmission and emerging diseases Flashcards
List infections spread by aedes mosquioto and (intermediate hosts)
Dengue
Zika
Yellow fever
Chikungunya
(all non-human primates)
Also
La crosse virus
Mayaro virus
Cache Valley Virus (in america, seen in farm animals)
Wesselsbron (place is SA, in subsahan africa- in cattle, causes mild disease
These mosquitoes are active throughout the day, especially during the hours of highest activity: mid-morning and late afternoon to twilight
Note rift valley fever, WEE spread by aeds and culex
List infections spread by culex mosquito (and other hosts)
West nile (birds)
JE (Pigs)
St Louis encephalitis
Usutu
-all are more encephalitisy ones
What is the vector for oropouche virus?
A midge Culicoides paraensis
Oropouche presents similarly to Dengue
Outbreaks of Oropouche fever virus have been reported from rural and urban communities of Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago
Oropouche is an orthobunyavirus
What is the definition of an emerging infection (4 points)
1) Previously unknown infectious agent
2) Previously known agent which has become newly identifed as causing infections
3) Spread to a new geopraphic area
4) Re-mergence where incidence has declines and has now re-appeared
Viral infections spread by ticks in america
Heartland virus
Powassan Virus
Bourbon virus
Colarado Tick fever
Note Powassan is the only one that causes encephalitis I think
Viral infections spread by mosquitos in America
West Nile
La crosse virus
Eastern Equine
Cache Valley
Jamestown virus
St Louis encephalitis
EEE (30% mortality in neuroinvasive disease)
WEE (low mortality- 4%, Low and Western have a W in them)
Note: La crosse virus is commonest cause of arthopod encephalitis in children (second is west nile, unlike in adults where west nile is more common)
Which is the vector for lassa fever
The multimammate rat
What is the vector for toscana virus
Sandly (phlebotomis)
Can cause encephalitis
What family of virus is Chindipura? What country is it found in and when was the last out break
India in 2013
Rhabdoviridae
What is the case fatality of JE neuro-invasive disease
30%
Causes of arthropod vector spread encephalitis in Australia
(not inclusive, got confused in writing this!)
JE- culex
Murray valley (20% mortality)- culex
Kunjin (v similar to west nile)
(note Hendra is in australia but is from direct contact with horses and bats)
Microcephaly is found on a fetal US in a lady who visited puerta rico. what are the next steps?
Consideration amniocentesis to
test for the virus using RT-PCR
Note a small fetus head is 2 standard deviations below the norm. Usually you want to see some more other abnormalities for Zika (including Cerebral and/or ocular calcifications Oligohydramnios
Ventriculomegaly Talipes
Periventricular cysts
Callosal abnormalities…lots of others)
Sensitivity for this test is not determined
What is the host of Seol Virus
Rats- Rattus norvegicus (Norway and black rates
This is the only hanta in europe spread by rats
The rest are field mice (Haantan and Dubrava) and
Bank Voles (Puumala) or common vole (Tula)
Describe pitfalls of MPox testing in the DRC strains
Deletion in gene of Clade 1, which gives false positive clade 2 results- In DRC
Hantavirus PCR in blood is detectable often T/F
F
Biphasic illness, PCR may be positive for prodrome only
Incubation period is 2 weeks
Causes capillary leakage
- in lungs presents with pleural effusions or oedea
- in kidneys: acute haemorrhagic tubular interstitial nephtitis= swollen kidneys
Age cut off for conisering acivlovir therapy in babies as prophylaxis
Can only give from 4 weeks (unless mum had chicken pox from day 4 before to two days after borth)
<7 days old and exposed- give VZIG
Between 7 days and 4 weeks
- Offer VZIG if baby is high risk
(in hospital since birth + <28 weeks, <1000gm, severe congenital condition)
Treatment of nenonate with varicella
Aciclovir 20mg/kg TDS for 7 days
What is Langya virus
Henipavirus (-SS RNA, paramyxoviridae)
China
Fever, fatigue- mild illness. No spread between people, not found in bats
JE
1) incubation period
2) T/F: most cases are asymptomatc or mild
1) 14 days
2) T: 1 in 250 has severe symptoms, case fatality in this group is 30%
Viral infections from Camels
MERS (?countries)
HEV (genotype 7 and 8)
?more
What percentage of West Nile virus infected are asymptomatic
80%
Less than 1% infected develop neuroinvasve disease
Incubation period is 14 day
ACDP Group 3
Note chik has attack rate of 75%
Contibuters to west nile virus spread in europe
Migratory birds
Habitats of culex
Land use changes (urbanisation and agriculture) , bring humans closer to mosquitos and birds
Global warming- increased temperature increases abundance and shortens generational time of mosquitos
- In 2022, there were 1133 confirmed and probable cases of human West Nile virus infection. This represented an increase of 631.8% in locally acquired
cases, compared with 2021. - During the past 5years, two unusually intense transmission seasons were documented in 2018 and 2022,
- West Nile virus extended its geographical area, affecting birds and equines, and emerged during 2022 on the Atlantic coast in France. Its incidence increased in the North of Germany and
in the South of Italy.
Vector for TBE
Ixodes Tick
Also milk products
In Europe, TBE is endemic in several central, northern, and eastern countries. Some countries experienced novel autochthonous TBE in humans, like the Netherlands in 2016 [28], Belgium in 2018 and 2020 [29,30], and the United Kingdom in 2019 [31]. Since 2017, there has been a gradual increase in reported TBE cases in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA)
Ebola virus lis and locations incomplete
Zaire ebolavirus (Ebola virus; EBOV), Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV), Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV), Taï Forest ebolavirus (TAFV), Reston ebolavirus (RESTV), and Bombali ebolavirus (BOMV). EBOV, SUDV, and BDBV all cause severe Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans with high case fatality rates.
From which countries do you need to worry about rabies in foxes (incomplete), that would otherwise be low risk for rabies
Canada and America (also racoons, skunks)
Croatia, slovakia, slovenia, estonia, latvia, hungry
What is in the JE complex
Flavivirus spread by culex
West nile
JE
Usutu
Murray valley
Kunjin
St Louis
Place in world
Case fatality
Host
Laguna Negra virus
South America
Vesper mouse
10%
Place in world
Case fatality
Host
Choclo
Panama
Pigmy rice rat
15%
Place in world
Case fatality
Host
Araraquara virus
Hairy-tailed bolo mouse
45%
Brazil
Place in world
Case fatality
Host
Juquitiba virus
Pigmy rice rat
45%
High mortality Hantas AASJ
Andes
Sin Nombre
Juquitiba
Araraquara
Dobrava
Yellow necked mouse
Balkans
10% case mortality
Incubation of oropuche
3-12 days
