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DTM&H > Vector Biology > Flashcards

Vector Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the diseases transmitted by this vector?

A

Anopholes Mosquito

Malaria
Lymphatic Filariasis
O Nyong Nyong

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2
Q

How long is the lifecycle of a mosquito?

A

10-14 days

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3
Q

What is a Spermatheca

A

ball of sperm that a female carries with her for the rest of her life from her first sexual encounter.

She dips in and out of this when she wants to lay more eggs

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4
Q

What is the flight range of mosquitos?

A

1-3km

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5
Q

What cues help a mosquito to find its prey for a blood meal?

A

olfactory cues: CO2, synergists: lactic acid, octenol, acetone

other cues: water vapor pressure, warmth, visual cues

NOTE that a proportion of these increase in pregnancy, which is why pregnant women are at an even greater risk of malaria

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6
Q

Which mosquitoes require blood meals?

A

Females producing eggs

Survival of female is most important in disease epidemiology and control

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7
Q

Which type of mosquito is in each of the pictured resting positions?

A.
B

A

A. Anopheles
B. Culex/Aedes/Mansoni (culicine spp.)

Re: Anopheles twerk

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8
Q

Based on the photo:
- What mosquito?
- Male or Female?

A

Anopholes
Male

Palps are LONG and CLUBBED

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9
Q

How do Anopheles lay their eggs?

A

arranged as Floats

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10
Q

How do Culex lay their eggs?

A

Arranged as rafts

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11
Q

How do Aedes lay their eggs?

A

Singularly laid eggs
Resistant to dessication

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12
Q

Which larva is this? How does it breathe?

A

Anophales

Breathes through spiracles on its sides

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13
Q

What larva is this? How does it breathe?

A

Culex
Long siphon (compared to Aedes which is short and barrel shaped)

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14
Q

Identify the mosquito

A

Culex

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15
Q

Identify the Mosquto

A

Aedes

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16
Q

In regards to mosquitos, what does the term ‘anautogenous development’ mean?

A

Females require a blood meal to produce eggs

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17
Q

How to Mansonia species of mosquitos lay their eggs?

A

in a sticky mass that is glued to the underside of floating plants

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18
Q

Which mosquito eggs can handle dessication?

A

Aedes

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19
Q

Where are you likely to find Aedes eggs?

A

Water containers, tyres, clay pots, tree wells

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20
Q

What are the resting and feeding habits of Aedes?

A

Exophagic
Exophilic

(ive and eat outside)

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21
Q

What are the resting and feeding habits of Anopheles?

A

Endophagic
Endophilic

(Live and eat inside)

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22
Q

What part of the Malaria parasite cycle is injected into people when a mosquito takes a blood meal?

A

Sporozoites

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23
Q

What time do Anopheles typically feed?

A

Nighttime (hence why you take night time bloods in Lymphatic Filariasis in areas where Anopheles are the vector)

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24
Q

Which filarial worms are transmitted by Anopheles?

A

Worms responsible for Lymphatic FIlariasis:

Wuchereria Bancrofti
Brugia Malayi
Brugia Timori

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25
Q

Re: Lymphatic Filariasis, What is the difference between nocturnal periodicity and sub-periodicity?

A

Nocturnal periodicity = the highest blood parasite count at night

Subperiodic = pretty stable levels throughout the day, highest around midday

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26
Q

What is the most important arbovirus that can be transmitted by Anopheles?

A

O Nyong Nyong (note that there about 20 other arboviruses that are spread by anopheles, but they are not epidemiologically or clinically important)

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27
Q

How can you manage Anopheles populations?

A

Larval control
- Mass Insecticide Spraying
(pyrethroid based insecticides)
- BTI (Bacillus thurnigenesisi Israelius)
- Larvicidal Fish
- Draining Swamps and marshes

Adult Control
- Residual House Spraying (also kills bed bugs, cockroaches)
- ITNs

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28
Q

Where do Culex lay their eggs?

A

Dirty water, ground water, rice fields, sewage

**assocaited with urbanisation, loves filth, dity culex

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29
Q

How can you control Aedes populations?

A

Elimiante water container
Imtroduce stable sources of water in the community to prevent people from keeping stagnant water at home
Ground-based insecticides
Insecticides that are released with water activation (i.e. when the eggs are activated to hatch)
Daytime sleepers should use bed nets

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30
Q

Which continent contains most cases of Yellow Fever?

A

Africa (90%)

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31
Q

How can you control Culex populations?

A

Improve sewage
Insecticides
Polystyrine beads in pit latrines

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32
Q

What is the epidemiology of Aedes Aegypti?

A

**all global Aegypti have come from Africa via trade routes

So:
SSA
South America
Asia
Australia and the Pacifics

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33
Q

What are the 4 most important arboviruses spread by Aedes Aegypti?

A

Yellow Fever
Dengue
Chikungunya
Zika Virus

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34
Q

Incidence of arboviruses is increasing - whty?

A

People are favouring urbanisation, which is preferential breeding ground for Aedes mosquitoes

Insufficient amount of vaccinations

Climate changes –> improve vector survival rates, vector population distribution and density –> the higher the temp the fast the parasite development

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35
Q

Why are vector survival rates important for disease transmission?

A
  1. The longer a mozzie lives the more likely it is to take two bites (ie sread the disease)
  2. The mozzie needs to live long enough for the parasite/virus to develop within the gut of the mozzie
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36
Q

What are the hosts of Yellow Fever

A

Monkeys

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37
Q

Where does Yellow Fever Occur?

A

Africa (less severe)
South America (more severe –> sylvatic)

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38
Q

Which arboviruses have an Anxootic cycle?

A

West Nile Virus
Yellow Fever
Dengue
Japanese Encephalitis
Venezuelean Equine Encephalitis

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39
Q

how can you control aedes aegypti?

A
  1. Source reduction
    - Eliminate vector larval sites
    - Eliminate useless containers
    - Cover or treat useful ‘domestic’ water containers
    - insert stable water source
  2. Larvicides
    - Temephos (OPP)
    - BTI
  3. Outbreak control
    - fogging or space spraying (Pyrethroids; large amount of resistance)
  4. Home improvements
    - window and door screens (e.g. difference between vector issues in Southern USA vs Northern Mexico)
  5. Insect growth regulator
    - Pyriproxyfen (spread as dust)
  6. Wolbachia
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40
Q

What is pyriproxifen?

A

An insect growth regulator which prevents the development of larval development into pupae

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41
Q

Why isn’t wolbachia present in Loa Loa?

A

Loa loa is spread by Deerticks, which are not compatible with wolbachia

42
Q

What are the three important lice species?

A

Pediculus humanus
Pediculus capitis
Pthirus Pubis

43
Q

What spp. are body lice?

A

Pediculus Humanus

44
Q

What is the name of the Head Louce

A

Pediculus capitis

45
Q

What is the name of the Pubic Louse

A

Pthirus Pubis

46
Q

Identify the Louse

A

Body/Head louse

47
Q

Identify the Louse

A

Pubic Louse

48
Q

Which louse is a nuisance but does not spread disease?

A

Public Louse (Pthirus Pubis)
Head Louse (Pediculus Capitus)

49
Q

How do lice spread disease?

A

Disease is carried in their stools, or in the case of relapsing fever found in the body fluids of the louse and infect you when you crush the body

50
Q

Which louse acts as a disease vector?

A

Pediculus Hominus

51
Q

What three diseases are spread by louse?

A

Louse borne endemic typhus (Rickettsia Prowazeki)
Trench Fever (Bartonella Quintana)
Epidemic Relapsing Fever (Borrelia Recurentis)

52
Q

What is the bacteria in Louse Borne Epidemic Typhus?

A

Rickettsia Prowazeki

53
Q

How does LBET present?

A

Headache, prostration, chills, cough, severe muscle pain

54
Q

What is the case fatality of LBET?

A

40%

55
Q

How does LBET transmit?

A

*Louse picks up Rickettsia in blood meal invade midgut epithelium and multiply rupture⇒ ⇒
into gut lumen (louse dies) enormous number in gut faeces⇒
*infection through rubbing louse faeces in conjuctiva or inhalation
*faeces may be infective for >70 days

56
Q

What is the epidemiology of LBET?

A

*Mainly occurs in colder regions of Africa (esp Great Lakes Region) and S/C. America

*Huge pandemics (millions of deaths in 1st half of 20th Century, Burundi 1997- 100,000 cases)

57
Q

What bacteria causes Trench Fever?

A

Bartonella Qunitana

58
Q

How does Trench Fever Spread?

A

*bacteria remain in gut lumen and do not kill the louse
*infection via faeces

59
Q

What are risk factors for louse-borne diseases?

A

Poor sanitation
Crowding
Homeless populations
IDPs/refugees

60
Q

What bacteria causes endemic relapsing fever?

A

Borrelia Recurrentis

61
Q

How is endemic relapsing fever spread?

A

*spirochaetes in host blood penetrate gut wall into haemocoele where they multiply
in gut lumen and do not kill the louse

*louse must be crushed to infect humans spirochaetes enter through mucosa/cuts
etc

62
Q

How can you control Head lice?

A

–washing with soap and water will reduce numbers but will not rid
infestation
–regular use of lice comb (every 3 days for 2 weeks)
–Insecticides (usually pyrethroids with PBO) (3x weekly applications)
–Dimectone lotion or spray
–shaving of head hair

63
Q

How can you control Pubic Lice?

A

–Traditionally-shaving of all coarse hair
–Insecticides
–Emulsions and lotions applied to entire body (do not wash for 24 hours
post application)
–For eyelashes
*Vaseline
*0.25% physostigmine opthalmic ointment (10 day course)

64
Q

How can you control Body Lice?

A

–Frequent washing/changing of clothes and bedding, drying in direct sunlight
–Delousing using insecticides e.g permethrin dust

65
Q

What diseases are caused by fleas?

A

plaque
Murine typhus
tapeworm

66
Q

There are two types of fleas: combed and combless. Which ones are harmless cat/dog fleas

A

Combed

67
Q

What fly causes Jigger infestations

A

Tunga Penetrans

68
Q

What is this vector?

A

Cat flea - combed and has a merel rod

69
Q

Name this insect

A

Tropical Rat flea (xenopsylla)
Meral rods and combless

When meryl streep goes on holiday to the tropics she doesnt bring her comb

70
Q

What rats are associated with plague?

A

Rattus norvegicus
Rattus rattus

71
Q

What is the main flea vector of Plague?

A

Xenopsylla cheopis

72
Q

What bacteria causes Murine Typhus?

A

Rickettsia Typhi (mooseri)

73
Q

Which tapewrom is spread by fleas?

A

Dipylidium canium

74
Q

When controlling flea populations:

Do you kill the fleas or the rats?

A

The fleas!!

Killing the rats will just make the fleas spread faster

75
Q

How can you control Xenopsylla?

A

Residual insecticide spraying of domestic rat runs and burrows

Treat all dwellings <200m within the affected on in an endemic

Insecticides

Bamboo bait boxes

dichlorvos resin strips on container ships

76
Q

How do you control RODENTS in plague infestation (once you have killed the fleas)

A

Rodenticides (warfarin)
Rodent cheomsterilisation
Methyl Bromide gas

77
Q

Where do Tunga Penetrans (Jiggers) exist?

A

Americas
Africa
India

78
Q

What is the main vector of Myiasis in Africa?

A

Cordylobia anthropophaga, also known as Tumbu fly, Mango fly or Putzi fly.

79
Q

What is the main vector of Myiasis in South America?

A

Dermatobia hominis, the human botfly.

Unlike the Tumbu fly, this species lays its eggs directly on exposed skin

80
Q

How does management differ in Cordylobia Myiasis vs. South Dermatobia Myiasis?

A

Dermatobia usually has spines, which means extraction can be difficult –> needs to be excised using cruciate incision

Cordylobia can be suffocated with petroleum/parrafin

81
Q

What vector is responsible for Scabies and Norwegian Scabies?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

82
Q

Identify this and state a disease it might spread

A

Soft Tick

Tick Borne relapsing Fever (B. .Duttoni)

83
Q

What is this ectoparasite?

A

Sarcopotes Scabei

84
Q

Identify the ectoparasite

A

Chigger Mite

(Looks similar to Scabies, but has an extra set of legs AND is hairy)

85
Q

What is the ecosystem in which you would find Chigger Fleas

A

Asia

Jungles, gardens, wood piles

86
Q

How can you protect against Chigger bites?

A
  • Wear boots and long trousers
  • Clothing impregnated with
  • repellent (DEET, DMP, benzyl benzoate)
  • permethrin
  • Avoidance of mite islands
  • Clearance or burning of mite islands
  • Acaricide spraying (ULV, fogs or emulsions)
  • Chemoprophylaxis (200mg weekly doxycycline) of high risk groups, eg soldiers in field
87
Q

Identify this.

A

Musca Domestica (house fly)
4 grey stripes on dark thorax
Wing vein 4 bends to meet vein 3

88
Q

What do houseflies feed on?

A

Houseflies visit and feed readily on:
* faeces
* vomit
* garbage
* …and food

*** they also really love to breed in dirty things - manure, compost bins, garbage etc.

89
Q

What diseases do houseflies transmit? (through contamination of food) (3)

A

Shigella
Salmonella
E. coli
Cholera
Enteroviruses
Including polio
Helminth eggs (?)

90
Q

How can you reduce the prevalence of flies?

A

Daltemethrin insecticide
Fly traps around high risk areas
Good waste disposal
Improve food storage
Disposal of human excreta

91
Q

What fly is responsible for transmitting Trachoma eye infection?

A

Musca Sorbens

92
Q

Identify the fly

A

Stomoxys (stable fly)

Note the large probiscus for biting (house flies do not have a proboscis)

93
Q

What fly causes Myiasis in Africa?

A

Tumba Fly (Cordylobia Anthropophagia)

94
Q

How do humans get Myiasis from the Tumba Fly?

A

Lays eggs on urine soaked clothes or sandy soil

Myaisis (boil like swellings) typically occur around genitals, buttocks, back

95
Q

Identify the larve

A

Tumba Fly (Cordylobia anthropophagia)

96
Q

How can you manage and prevent Cordylobia myiasis?

A

REMOVAL: paraffin suffocation of larva –> easy to remove when it pops its little head out to breathe

PREVENTION:
Wash clothes, iron at high heat

97
Q

What is New World Myiasis?

A

Infection from Dermatobia larva via eggs being deposited on skin by flys or mozzies

98
Q

Identify the larva

A

Dermatobia

99
Q

Identify the larva.

Describe its clinical significance

A

Screw worm

Feed on human flesh
* Obligate parasites of living tissues
* Very serious since they consume living tissue
* Can invade natural orifices nose, mouth, eyes, vagina etc
* Severe tissue trauma and pain
* Larvae with spines giving a screw-thread appearance.

100
Q

What flies cause non-invasive myiasis (ie. only eat dead tissue)?

A

Blue-bottles (Calliphora) Green Bottles (Lucilia)

DTM&H (29 decks)

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