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DTM&H > Ticks, Mites, Fleas etc etc. > Flashcards

Ticks, Mites, Fleas etc etc. Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 main diseases are spread by body lice?

A

Louse Borne Epidemic Typhus

Trench Fever

Louse Borne Relapsing Fever (Epidemic Relapsing Fever)

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2
Q

What bacteria causes Louse Borne Epidemic Typhus

A

Rickettsia Powazekii

(Typhus Allen likes Polish People)

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3
Q

What bacteria causes Trench Fever?

A

Bartonella Quintana (Bartonella had a quinciñera)

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4
Q

What bacteria causes Louse Borne Relapsing fever?

A

Borrelia Recurrentis

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5
Q

What two main diseases are spread by fleas?

A

Plague

Murine Typhus

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6
Q

What main diseases are spread by hard ticks?

A

Lyme Disease
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

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7
Q

What bacteria is responsible for Lyme Disease

A

Borelia Burgdorferi

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8
Q

What main diseases are spread by soft ticks?

A

Tick Borne Relapsing Fever

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9
Q

What bacteria causes Tick Borne Relapsing Fever?

A

Borelia Duttoni

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10
Q

What mite causes Scabies?

A

Sarcopetes Scabiei

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11
Q

What is spread by Chigger Mites?

A

Scrub Typhus

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12
Q

What is the bacteria that causes Scrub Typhus?

A

Orientia Tsutsugamushi

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13
Q

What flea is associated with Plague and Murine Typhus?

A

Xenopsylla - Tropical Rat Flea

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14
Q

What is Kyasanur forest disease (KFD)

A

An Arbovirus spread through HARD TICKS that occurs in India, assocaited with agricultural development and deforestation

Have high suspicion of disease when you have an increase in monkey deaths in your area (reservoir/Host)

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15
Q

What is Tick Paralysis?

A

Transient paralysis that can occur from multi-day exposure to toxic tick saliva

Recovery is swift once tick is removed

Often mistaken for Polio

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16
Q

How can you control Hard Ticks?

A

Tick insecticides (acaricides)
PPE and long sleeves
Treatment of infested areas
Cut long grass where applicable
intermittent Ivermectin

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17
Q

What is the clinical relevance of Soft Ticks

A

Spread Tick Borne Relapsing Fever

Vector of African Swine Fever Virus (this just affects pigs, but has important economic effects)

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18
Q

What spp. of Soft tick is responsible for Tick Borne Relapsing Fever?

A

Ornithodoros sp

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19
Q

How is TBRF spread?

A

Organism is Borrelia Duttonii.

Borrelia is in Coxal fluid of the tick
When the tick leaks coxal fluid this can enter into the site of the bite or other skin abrasions –> infection

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20
Q

Which ticks cause a painful bite?

A

Soft Ticks

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21
Q

How does Scabies infection spread?

A

Human to human
Contact necessary

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22
Q

What are the risk factors of scabies infection?

A

Overcrowding
Bed sharing
Poor hygeine

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23
Q

How does Scabies infection present?

A

Generalised rash (not an indicator that this is where the ticks are in the skin)
Tunnelling/burrowing, especially between fingers and around wrists

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24
Q

How do you managed uncomplicated scabies?

A

5% permethrin topical application - given to the whole family, must be applied to the entire body

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25
Q

How can you remove Scabies Mites from clothing/bedding/ housing

A

Temephos insecticides
Wash and iron clothing/bedding

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26
Q

How do you manage systemic scabies (e.g Norweigian Scabies?)

A

Ivermectin

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27
Q

Which two medically relevant things are spread by mites?

A

Scabies
Scrub Typhus

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28
Q

What mite is responsible for Scrub Typhus

A

Chigger mite (larva and nymph)

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29
Q

What bacteria causes Scrub Typhus

A

Orientia Tsutsugamushi

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30
Q

Where could you find Scrub Typhus infections?

A

Asia

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31
Q

Which form of developing larva of a Chigger mite feeds on humans, potentially spreading Scrub Typhus

A

Larval form only!!!!!

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32
Q

How does Scrub Typhus present?

A

Eschar at bite site

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33
Q

Name the 3 common Borrelial infections

A

Louse Borne Relapsing Fever
Tick Borne Relapsing Fever
Lyme Disease

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34
Q

What is the vector of Louse Borne Relapsing Fever?

A

Louse
Pediculus Homanus

35
Q

What is the vector of Tick Borne Relapsing Fever?

A

Soft Ticks (Ioxdodies)

36
Q

What is the Vector of Lyme Disease?

A

Hard Tick

37
Q

What kind of organism/bacteria are Borrelia?

A

Spirochetes

38
Q

How should you diagnose Spirochete Borrelial infections?

A

Blood Microscopy
Darkfield Microscopy
PCR

**serology not helpful

39
Q

What is a risk factor when treating Spirochete infection?

A

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

**this is an immune mediated response that occurs from spirochete death
- Risk increases with higher spirochete loads; LBRF > TBRF
- causes fever and blood pressure tank
- Mortality of 3-4%

40
Q

What is the differntial of Relapsing Fever (Tick Borne or Louse Borne)

A

Malaria
Typhus fever
Typhoid
Meningococcal Septicaemia
Meningitis
Hepatitis
Dengue and other Arboviruses
Leptospirosis
VHFs

41
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Relapsing Fevers?

A

Spirochetes enter into the blood (either through Body Louse or through Soft Tick)

Spirochetes like the reticuloendothelial system –> travel to the liver, spleen and CNS

While they travel they cause vascular endothelial damage –> vasculitis like picture and low platelets

Disease severity corresponds to the degree of spirochetes in the blood

42
Q

What is the incubation of Relapsing Fevers?

A

4-8 days

43
Q

How do relapsing fevers present?

A

HIGH FEVER BIG SPLEEN BIG LIVER BIT CONFUSED

Fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia
Neuropsyhiatric features, confusion, meningism
Bleeding and platelet dysfxn (can present like a VHF or a haemorrhagic arbovirus)

44
Q

How many relapses occur in Louse Borne Relapsing Fever?

A

Usually <3

45
Q

How many relapses occur in Tick Borne Relapsing Fever

A

Loads, some people have about 12

46
Q

Which bacteria is responsible for Louse Borne Relapsing Fever?

A

Borella Recurrentis

47
Q

Where in the world is Louse Borne Relapsing Fever most common?

A

Ethiopia is the only place in the world where it is currently Endemic

There is an outbreak in Sudan at the moment

48
Q

How is LBRF spread?

A

Crushing of Pediculus humanus louse

49
Q

Which Relapsing fever is more likely to cause jaundice and hepatomegaly?

A

LBRF

50
Q

What is the CFR of LBRF?

A

Up to 70%

51
Q

How do you manage LBRF?

A

Doxycycline stat ± ceftriaxone if CNS invovlement

52
Q

How can you prevent LBRF

A

Assocaited with body lice = assocaited with overcrowding and poor hygiene

Frequent washing of clothes and changing of bedding
Permethrin sprays
PEP of doxycycline in areas of high risk or outbreak

53
Q

What bacteria is responsible for causing TBRF?

A

Borellia Duttonii

54
Q

Where can you find TBRF?

A

East and Central Africa

NOT found in the west

55
Q

Which Relapsing Fever has animal reservoirs?

A

TBRF

56
Q

How is TBRF spread?

A

Coxal fluid or saliva from soft ticks

57
Q

what is the CFR of TBRF?

A

10% —> significantly worse in pregnant women

58
Q

How do you manage TBRF?

A

Doxyclycine (usually treatment is given for up to 10 days to manage the frequent relapses; this is not the case in LBRF)
±
Ceftriaxone if CNS involvement

59
Q

Hw does TBRF present?

A

Hihg fever, painful joints
Recurring fever of 3 days, 7 day break, 3 day fever, 7 day break etc.

FEVER is followed by FLUSHING

60
Q

How can you prevent TBRF?

A

Improve housing
Sweep floors (soft ticks drop to the floor after they’ve have a quick lil scran of your blood)

61
Q

What three typhus fevers are in the rickettsial family?

A

Louse Borne Typhus Fever
Scrub Typhus
Murine Typhus

62
Q

What bacteria and vector cause Epidemic Typhus

A

Louse Borne Epidemic Typhus spread by Pediculus Homanus

Rickettsia Prowazekii

63
Q

What bacteria and vector cause Scrub Typhus?

A

Chigger Mite

Orentia Tsutsugamushi

64
Q

What bacteria and vector cause Murine Typhus?

A

Flea borne typhus

Rickettsia Typhi

65
Q

What bacteria and vector Cause Trench Fever?

A

Pediculus Humanus Louse

Bartonella Quintana

66
Q

Which two diseases are spread by fleas?

A

Plague
Murine Typhus

±Tapeworms (Dypylidium Caninum)

67
Q

Which flea is responsible for spreding Murine Typhus and Plague?

A

Xenopsylla (Tropical Rat flea)

68
Q

What species are the hosts for Xenopsylla fleas?

A

Rattus Norvegicus
Rattus rattus

69
Q

What bacteria causes Murine Typhus (fleaborn typhus)?

A

Rickettsia Typhi (mooseri)

70
Q

Where might you find Murine Typhus?

A

Ports (found globally)

71
Q

How does Murine Typhus present?

A

Fever, transient rash, headache, backache

72
Q

How should you control flea-spread illnesses?

A
  1. Kill the fleas (first - before the rats otherwise you can rapidly spread the disease because the fleas just find a new host!)
    - Residual spraying
    - treat all dwellings
    - Insecticides
    - Resin insecticide strips on container
  2. Kill the rats
    - Rodenticides
    - Methyl Bromide Gas
73
Q

how do rickettsial infections present?

A

Fever and rash

± other symptoms

74
Q

What is the vector of Louse Borne Typhus?

A

Pediculus Hominus (feacal spread)

75
Q

What bacteria causes Louse Borne Typhus

A

Rickettsia Prowazekki

76
Q

What is the presentation of Louse Borne (epidemic) Typhus?

A

Fever, conjunctival injection, headache, central macular rash

77
Q

How can you diagnose Epidemic Typhus?

A

Weil Felix Serology
PCR

**rickettsia is an intracellular organism meaning culture is very challenging

** recall all the epidemic rickettsial/borrelial illnesses are caused by body lice

78
Q

How do you manage Epidemic Typhus?

A

Supportive Care
Tetracycline 500mg QID

79
Q

What causes Scrub Typhus?

A

Chigger Mite
Orentia Tsutsugamushi

80
Q

Which stage of the chigger mite bites people, potentially spreading Scrub Typhus?

A

Larva only

81
Q

Where does Scrub typhus occur?

A

South East Asia
Australia

82
Q

How does Scrub Typhus present?

A

Eschar at site of bite, usually over sites of tight clothing (waistbands, sock tops)

Rash (trunk with palmar sparing)

Fever, hepatosplenomealy

Hearing Loss

83
Q

How do you manage Scrub Typhus?

A

Doxycyline ± Chloramphenical

DTM&H (29 decks)

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