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Respiration > Vaugn Lectures > Flashcards

Vaugn Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system functions

A

Warming and moistening air, regulation of airflows olfaction, mucociliary clearance

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2
Q

Conducting airways structures

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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3
Q

Respiratory portion

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Gas exchange!

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4
Q

What in the nasal cavity has keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

The vestibule, it is similar to skin

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5
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified, ciliated, goblet cells

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6
Q

Function of turbinates

A

Create turbulence and increase surface area in nasal cavity for air conditioning and filtration

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7
Q

Site of olfactory epithelium

A

Nasal septum and turbinates

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8
Q

Olfactory epithelium characteristics

A

Pseudostratified, olfactory sensory neurons, sustentaculsr supportive cells, basal regenerative cells

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9
Q

What makes olfactory sensory neurons

A

Basal cells

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10
Q

Where is mucous made in olfactory sensory neurons

A

Bowman’s gland

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11
Q

Is olfactory epithelium ciliated

A

No

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12
Q

Why is olfaction lost in COVID

A

Sustentacular cells in olfactory sensory neurons have the infection receptor for COVID and since it is supportive, olfaction is lost

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13
Q

Nasopharyngeal cell type

A

Respiratory epithelium

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14
Q

Oropharynx and larynx and laryngopharynx cell type

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

Trachea epithelium

A

Respiratory epithelium

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16
Q

Ionocyte and CFTR

A

Mutations in the CFTR gene causes cystic fibrosis

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17
Q

Bronchi epithelium type

A

Respiratory epithelium and smooth muscle and plates of cartilage

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18
Q

If a bronchi has a submucosal gland what does that say about the animal

A

It is large

19
Q

Bronchioles epithelium

A

Glands and cartilage are absent
Layer of smooth muscle is bigger relatively

20
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Last bronchioles of the conducting pathway

21
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Makes the alveoli for gas exchange
Terminate into alveolar ducts and sacs

22
Q

Alveolar type 2 cells characteristics

A

Cuboidal, non-ciliated and possess lamellar bodies
Produce surfactant protein
Stem cells of distal lung

23
Q

Alveolar type 1 cells characteristics

A

Large squamous, facilitate exchange between air and blood

24
Q

Pulmonary surfactant

A

Decrease surface tension and prevent alveolar sacs from collapsing

25
Q

Alveolar macrophage

A

Sit on epithelial lining to get unwanted particles out (analogous to submucosal glands)

26
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in alveoli

A

Between capillaries and type 1 alveolar cells at the alveolar epithelium

27
Q

Pulmonary arteries branch into

A

Pulmonary capillaries for gas exchange at alveoli

28
Q

Heterogeneity in capillaries

A

General capillaries as progenitors of aerocytes which do the actual gas exchange

29
Q

If the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood, how does the lung get oxygenated blood

A

Bronchial artery

30
Q

Area of gas exchange in avians

A

Parabronchi, sacs act as balloons

31
Q

What factor is needed to transform the ventral foregut into respiratory structures

A

Nkx2.1 is needed to create the lung and trachea

32
Q

Separation of trachea and esophagus gene

A

Sox2

33
Q

Atresia

A

When a lobe is not fully formed

34
Q

Fistula

A

Inappropriate connections between esophagus and trachea

35
Q

Branching morphogenesis
5 stages: EPCSA

A

Embryonic: appearance of right and left lung buds
Pseudoglandular: airway tree made
Canalicular: 3 last rounds of branching to make alveoli
Saccular: differentiation
Alveolar; secondary Separation to increase alveoli

36
Q

Wnt origin and role

A

Splanchnic mesoderm makes wnt and wnt is needed to induce nkx2.1

37
Q

BMP4 role

A

Represses sox2 to allow induction of nkx2.1

38
Q

Is fgf10 needed for branching

A

Yes but it is not the source.

39
Q

Sox2 versus sox9

A

Sox2 gives rise to respiratory cells
Sox9 give rise to alveolar cells

40
Q

Amniotic fluid and cell differentiation

A

Fetal breathing movements brings amniotic fluid into the developing lungs. AT2 cells are pushed back and AT1 cells go to the lining of the epithelium

41
Q

Expression of VEGFA

A

for differentiation of aerocytes from general capillaries

42
Q

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

Preterm birth and the lungs are underdeveloped
Ventilation is needed for survival but damages lungs because hyperoxia leads to loss of AT1 cells

43
Q

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A

Mutation in pulmonary surfactant protein c
Leading to stiff lungs

44
Q

Alveolar type 2 cells promotes?

A

Alveolar type 2 cells make surfactant protein a which is needed to signal birth

Respiration (4 decks)

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