Vaugn Lectures Flashcards
Respiratory system functions
Warming and moistening air, regulation of airflows olfaction, mucociliary clearance
Conducting airways structures
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Respiratory portion
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Gas exchange!
What in the nasal cavity has keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The vestibule, it is similar to skin
Respiratory epithelium
Pseudostratified, ciliated, goblet cells
Function of turbinates
Create turbulence and increase surface area in nasal cavity for air conditioning and filtration
Site of olfactory epithelium
Nasal septum and turbinates
Olfactory epithelium characteristics
Pseudostratified, olfactory sensory neurons, sustentaculsr supportive cells, basal regenerative cells
What makes olfactory sensory neurons
Basal cells
Where is mucous made in olfactory sensory neurons
Bowman’s gland
Is olfactory epithelium ciliated
No
Why is olfaction lost in COVID
Sustentacular cells in olfactory sensory neurons have the infection receptor for COVID and since it is supportive, olfaction is lost
Nasopharyngeal cell type
Respiratory epithelium
Oropharynx and larynx and laryngopharynx cell type
Stratified squamous epithelium
Trachea epithelium
Respiratory epithelium
Ionocyte and CFTR
Mutations in the CFTR gene causes cystic fibrosis
Bronchi epithelium type
Respiratory epithelium and smooth muscle and plates of cartilage
If a bronchi has a submucosal gland what does that say about the animal
It is large
Bronchioles epithelium
Glands and cartilage are absent
Layer of smooth muscle is bigger relatively
Terminal bronchioles
Last bronchioles of the conducting pathway
Respiratory bronchioles
Makes the alveoli for gas exchange
Terminate into alveolar ducts and sacs
Alveolar type 2 cells characteristics
Cuboidal, non-ciliated and possess lamellar bodies
Produce surfactant protein
Stem cells of distal lung
Alveolar type 1 cells characteristics
Large squamous, facilitate exchange between air and blood
Pulmonary surfactant
Decrease surface tension and prevent alveolar sacs from collapsing
Alveolar macrophage
Sit on epithelial lining to get unwanted particles out (analogous to submucosal glands)
Where does gas exchange occur in alveoli
Between capillaries and type 1 alveolar cells at the alveolar epithelium
Pulmonary arteries branch into
Pulmonary capillaries for gas exchange at alveoli
Heterogeneity in capillaries
General capillaries as progenitors of aerocytes which do the actual gas exchange
If the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood, how does the lung get oxygenated blood
Bronchial artery
Area of gas exchange in avians
Parabronchi, sacs act as balloons
What factor is needed to transform the ventral foregut into respiratory structures
Nkx2.1 is needed to create the lung and trachea
Separation of trachea and esophagus gene
Sox2
Atresia
When a lobe is not fully formed
Fistula
Inappropriate connections between esophagus and trachea
Branching morphogenesis
5 stages: EPCSA
Embryonic: appearance of right and left lung buds
Pseudoglandular: airway tree made
Canalicular: 3 last rounds of branching to make alveoli
Saccular: differentiation
Alveolar; secondary Separation to increase alveoli
Wnt origin and role
Splanchnic mesoderm makes wnt and wnt is needed to induce nkx2.1
BMP4 role
Represses sox2 to allow induction of nkx2.1
Is fgf10 needed for branching
Yes but it is not the source.
Sox2 versus sox9
Sox2 gives rise to respiratory cells
Sox9 give rise to alveolar cells
Amniotic fluid and cell differentiation
Fetal breathing movements brings amniotic fluid into the developing lungs. AT2 cells are pushed back and AT1 cells go to the lining of the epithelium
Expression of VEGFA
for differentiation of aerocytes from general capillaries
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Preterm birth and the lungs are underdeveloped
Ventilation is needed for survival but damages lungs because hyperoxia leads to loss of AT1 cells
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Mutation in pulmonary surfactant protein c
Leading to stiff lungs
Alveolar type 2 cells promotes?
Alveolar type 2 cells make surfactant protein a which is needed to signal birth
