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Respiration > Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Pericardium and its function

A

Fibroserous covering of the heart, it is a sac that protects the heart from friction when beating

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2
Q

All of the layers are continuous, true or false

A

True

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3
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

On the heart, it is continuous with the parietal pericardium

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4
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Formed by the visceral and parietal serous layers, it is the space between the pericardium and the heart. It contains parietal fluid

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5
Q

Fibrous layer of pericardium

A

Attached to the sternum and diaphragm by the phrenicopericardial ligament

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6
Q

Mediastinal pleura

A

Serous outermost layer from the cranial aspect of the heart to the diaphragm

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7
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space between the walls formed by the mediastinal pleura

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8
Q

The part of the mediastinal pleura that adheres to the pericardium

A

Pericardial mediastinal pleura

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9
Q

The base vs apex of the heart

A

Base is at the top, apex is the bottom

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10
Q

The apex in a dog hear faces…

A

Caudal to the left

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11
Q

Auricular surface

A

Surface facing the left thoracic wall, showing the 2 auricles

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12
Q

Atrial surface

A

Surface facing the right thoracic wall, the right ventricle is visible here

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13
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Lies between the atria and ventricles and contains the coronary vessels and fat

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14
Q

Intraventricular sulci

A

Lie between the ventricles

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15
Q

Paraconal Interventricular sulcus

A

Obliquely transverses the auricular surface and begins at the pase of the pulmonary trunk and is covered by the left auricle

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16
Q

The paraconal interventricular branch comes off the….

A

Left coronary artery

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17
Q

Subsinuosal interventricular sulcus

A

Ventral to the coronary sinus that enters the right atrium, contains the terminal branch of the left coronary artery

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18
Q

Right atrium

A

Receives blood from the systemic veins (deoxygenated)

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19
Q

Auricle

A

Ear shaped pouch whose internal walls contain pectinate muscles

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20
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Enlarged venous return for most of the blood from the heart, ventral to the caudal vena cava

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21
Q

What takes blood from the cardiac vein and brings it to the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

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22
Q

Interatrial septum

A

On the dorsomedial wall of the right atrium

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23
Q

Intravenous tubercle

A

Transverse tissue ridge that diverts the inflow of blood from the caudal and cranial vena cava toward the right AV valve

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24
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

Caudal to the interatrial septum, remanent of the foramen ovale which allowed blood to pass from the right to left atrium

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25
Q

Endocardium

A

Internal membrane of the heart

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26
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Leaves the right ventricle and Carie’s deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

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27
Q

Parietal vs septal cusp

A

Septal is more medial

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28
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

Attached to the septal wall by papillary muscles

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29
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

Reduce turbulence; holes in the interior wall

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30
Q

Trabecula septomarginalis

A

Muscular strand that extends from the septal wall to the parietal wall and is used as an electric shortcut

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31
Q

Pulmonary valve and aortic valve have what kinds of cusps

A

Semilunar (3)

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32
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate into

A

Left and right pulmonary arteries going to the lungs

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33
Q

What enters the left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins

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34
Q

Semilunar valves lack

A

Chordae tendinae

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35
Q

Ligamentum arteriosum

A

Fibrous connection between the pulmonary trunk and aorta, used to be ductus arteriosus

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36
Q

What does the aorta give rise to

A

Coronary arteries feeding the heart

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37
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Leaves the right sinus of the aorta and encircles the right side of the heart in the coronary groove and extends to the subsinuosal interventricular groove

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38
Q

Left coronary artery

A

Larger than the right artery, leaves the left sinus of the aorta

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39
Q

Branches of the left coronary artery

A

Circumflex branch, paraconal branch, septal branch

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40
Q

Circumflex branch

A

Branch of the left coronary artery that supplies the subsinuosal interventricular branch

41
Q

Septal branch

A

Branch of the left coronary artery that courses into the interventricular septum which it supplies

42
Q

Great cardiac vein

A

Begins in the paraconal interventricular sulcus and returns blood to the heart at the coronary sinus

43
Q

Attachments of the ribs

A

Bony ribs come off the thoracic transverse processes and articulate with the costal cartilage attached to the sternum

44
Q

What pairs of ribs attach to the sternum

A

The first 9 pairs attach to the sternum

45
Q

What creates the costal arch

A

Costal cartilage of ribs 10-12

46
Q

The tubercle of the ribs is for

A

Attaching ribs to the costal fovea at the transverse processes

47
Q

The head of the ribs is for

A

Articulating the ribs with the costal fovea and fibrocartilage of the vertebra (ventral)

48
Q

Consecutive sternebra are joined by

A

Intersternebral cartilage

49
Q

First and last sternebrae and how many total

A

8 total
1: manubrium
8: xiphoid process

50
Q

Scalenus

A

Its origin is ventral to the serratus ventralis and it attaches to the first few ribs and transverse processes

A muscle of inspiration, fibers run caudoventral to pull the ribs forward during inspiration

51
Q

Serratus dorsalis: caudalis versus cranialis

A

Serratus cranialis: fibers run caudoventral and left ribs for inspiration

Serratus caudalis: fibers run craniovental on the last 3 ribs and draws them causally during inspiration

52
Q

External vs internal intercostal muscles

A

External run caudoventral for inspiration

Internal run cranioventral for expiration

They bring the ribs together during respiration

53
Q

Intercostal arteries

A

Receives blood from the aorta and internal thoracic artery and supply intercostal muscles

54
Q

Intercostal nerves

A

The ventral branches of the first 12 thoracic spinal nerves which innervates the intercostal muscles

55
Q

Axilary lymph node

A

Dorsal to the deep pectoral muscle; many vessels drain in this node

56
Q

Transverse thoracic muscle

A

Muscle on the medial surface of the costal cartilage that connects ribs 2-8 to the sternum

Used for inspiration

57
Q

Internal thoracic artery

A

Leaves the subclavian artery and courses ventrocaudally to supply the intercostal arteries and other structures

58
Q

Line of pleural reflection

A

Where the costal and diaphragmatic pleura meet

59
Q

Part of the mediastinum that surrounds the caudal vena cava

A

Plica vena cava

60
Q

Root

A

Where nerves, vessels, arteries enter the lungs
Contains the pulmonary artery and vein

61
Q

Pulmonary ligament

A

Between the caudal lobe of the lung and the mediastinum reaching the esophagus

62
Q

Hylum

A

Region of the lung where the root is

63
Q

Thymus

A

Bilobed structure in the mediastinum, it is largest in young dogs and atrophies with age

64
Q

Primary bronchi originate from the

A

Carina of the trachea

65
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

Branches of the primary bronchi that insert on the lobes of the lungs

66
Q

Right vs left lung lobe

A

Right: cranial, middle, caudal, accessory
Left: cranial and caudal

67
Q

Cardiac notch

A

Where the heart is exposed between cranial and medial lobes

68
Q

Aortic impression

A

On the surface of the left lung where the aorta travels

69
Q

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes

A

Visible around the bronchi origin

70
Q

Brachiocephalic vein

A

Becomes the cranial vena cava; it’s source is the external jugular vein and subclavian veins

71
Q

Azygous vein

A

On the right azygous vein develops in the dog, it may enter the right atrium

72
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Chief channel for lymphatic return to the venous system

73
Q

The cisterna chyli gets lymph from the abdominal and pelvic viscera and continues to become

A

The thoracic duct

74
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk

A

First branch of the aortic arch that gives rise to the left and right common carotid arteries and right subclavian artery

75
Q

Left subclavian artery

A

Branches directly from the aortic arch

76
Q

Vertebral artery

A

Supplies cervical muscles and is around the first rib going near the midline to the head

Branch of subclavian

77
Q

Costocervical trunk

A

Arises distal to the vertebral artery and supplies the first 3 intercostal muscles and neck

78
Q

Superficial cervical artery

A

Supplies the base of the neck and scapulae region

79
Q

Bronchial arteries

A

Supply the lung and come from the intercostal arteries

80
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Supplies both motor and sensory to the diaphragm and travels all the way caudally through the thorax after exiting the spinal cord

Motor! (somatic)

81
Q

Communicating ramus

A

Branches off the spinal cord ventrally and is the avenue for preganglionic axons of the sympathetic trunk

82
Q

Splanchnic nerve

A

Branch of the sympathetic trunk running into the abdominal cavity

83
Q

Sympathetic trunk

A

Runs laterally along the vertebral column

84
Q

Cranial cervical ganglia

A

Just ventral to the base of the skull and a branch of the sympathetic trunk

Innervates the sympathetic structures of the skull

85
Q

Middle cervical ganglia

A

Lies at the junction of the ansa subclavia

Supplies sympathetic innervation to the heart, bronchi and lungs

86
Q

Branches of the middle cervical ganglia

A

Cardiac nerves are branches of middle cervical ganglia which give sympathetic innervation to the heart

87
Q

Ansa subclavia

A

A division of the sympathetic trunk that forms a loop around the subclavian artery

88
Q

Cervicothoracic ganglia

A

Supply the brachial plexus, it is formed by the cell bodies of the caudal cervical ganglia and the first couple thoracic ganglia

89
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Tenth cranial nerve that contains parasympathetic preganglionic axons which give innervation to the thoracic and abdominal visceral organs

90
Q

Vagosympathetic trunk

A

Contains sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

91
Q

Where does the vagus nerve arise

A

Vagus nerve leaves the vagosympathetic trunk at the level of the middle cervical ganglia where it supplies cardiac nerves and lungs

92
Q

Ventral vs dorsal vagal trunk

A

Separations of the vagus nerve which ventral goes to the esophagus while dorsal goes to the diaphragm

93
Q

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

On the middle cervical ganglia on the right side, branches off the vagus nerve and curves around the trachea coming off the spinal cord

94
Q

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

lies around the dorsal surface of the esophagus and is a branch of the vagus nerve

95
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerves send branches to the heart, trachea, and esophagus before terminating as the

A

Caudal laryngeal nerve of the laryngeal muscles

96
Q

Vertebral nerve

A

A branch of the cervicothoracic ganglia which goes through the transverse foramen to

97
Q

Smooth muscle innervates by ANS nerves get what type of information

A

Motor

98
Q

What type of innervation does the vagus nerve give

A

Both sensory and motor; sensory to the head and motor to abdominal and thoracic organs

Respiration (4 decks)

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