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Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Pericardium and its function

A

Fibroserous covering of the heart, it is a sac that protects the heart from friction when beating

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2
Q

All of the layers are continuous, true or false

A

True

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3
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

On the heart, it is continuous with the parietal pericardium

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4
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Formed by the visceral and parietal serous layers, it is the space between the pericardium and the heart. It contains parietal fluid

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5
Q

Fibrous layer of pericardium

A

Attached to the sternum and diaphragm by the phrenicopericardial ligament

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6
Q

Mediastinal pleura

A

Serous outermost layer from the cranial aspect of the heart to the diaphragm

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7
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space between the walls formed by the mediastinal pleura

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8
Q

The part of the mediastinal pleura that adheres to the pericardium

A

Pericardial mediastinal pleura

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9
Q

The base vs apex of the heart

A

Base is at the top, apex is the bottom

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10
Q

The apex in a dog hear faces…

A

Caudal to the left

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11
Q

Auricular surface

A

Surface facing the left thoracic wall, showing the 2 auricles

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12
Q

Atrial surface

A

Surface facing the right thoracic wall, the right ventricle is visible here

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13
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Lies between the atria and ventricles and contains the coronary vessels and fat

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14
Q

Intraventricular sulci

A

Lie between the ventricles

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15
Q

Paraconal Interventricular sulcus

A

Obliquely transverses the auricular surface and begins at the pase of the pulmonary trunk and is covered by the left auricle

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16
Q

The paraconal interventricular branch comes off the….

A

Left coronary artery

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17
Q

Subsinuosal interventricular sulcus

A

Ventral to the coronary sinus that enters the right atrium, contains the terminal branch of the left coronary artery

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18
Q

Right atrium

A

Receives blood from the systemic veins (deoxygenated)

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19
Q

Auricle

A

Ear shaped pouch whose internal walls contain pectinate muscles

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20
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Enlarged venous return for most of the blood from the heart, ventral to the caudal vena cava

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21
Q

What takes blood from the cardiac vein and brings it to the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

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22
Q

Interatrial septum

A

On the dorsomedial wall of the right atrium

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23
Q

Intravenous tubercle

A

Transverse tissue ridge that diverts the inflow of blood from the caudal and cranial vena cava toward the right AV valve

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24
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

Caudal to the interatrial septum, remanent of the foramen ovale which allowed blood to pass from the right to left atrium

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25
Endocardium
Internal membrane of the heart
26
Pulmonary trunk
Leaves the right ventricle and Carie’s deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
27
Parietal vs septal cusp
Septal is more medial
28
Chordae tendinae
Attached to the septal wall by papillary muscles
29
Trabeculae carnae
Reduce turbulence; holes in the interior wall
30
Trabecula septomarginalis
Muscular strand that extends from the septal wall to the parietal wall and is used as an electric shortcut
31
Pulmonary valve and aortic valve have what kinds of cusps
Semilunar (3)
32
What does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate into
Left and right pulmonary arteries going to the lungs
33
What enters the left atrium
Pulmonary veins
34
Semilunar valves lack
Chordae tendinae
35
Ligamentum arteriosum
Fibrous connection between the pulmonary trunk and aorta, used to be ductus arteriosus
36
What does the aorta give rise to
Coronary arteries feeding the heart
37
Right coronary artery
Leaves the right sinus of the aorta and encircles the right side of the heart in the coronary groove and extends to the subsinuosal interventricular groove
38
Left coronary artery
Larger than the right artery, leaves the left sinus of the aorta
39
Branches of the left coronary artery
Circumflex branch, paraconal branch, septal branch
40
Circumflex branch
Branch of the left coronary artery that supplies the subsinuosal interventricular branch
41
Septal branch
Branch of the left coronary artery that courses into the interventricular septum which it supplies
42
Great cardiac vein
Begins in the paraconal interventricular sulcus and returns blood to the heart at the coronary sinus
43
Attachments of the ribs
Bony ribs come off the thoracic transverse processes and articulate with the costal cartilage attached to the sternum
44
What pairs of ribs attach to the sternum
The first 9 pairs attach to the sternum
45
What creates the costal arch
Costal cartilage of ribs 10-12
46
The tubercle of the ribs is for
Attaching ribs to the costal fovea at the transverse processes
47
The head of the ribs is for
Articulating the ribs with the costal fovea and fibrocartilage of the vertebra (ventral)
48
Consecutive sternebra are joined by
Intersternebral cartilage
49
First and last sternebrae and how many total
8 total 1: manubrium 8: xiphoid process
50
Scalenus
Its origin is ventral to the serratus ventralis and it attaches to the first few ribs and transverse processes A muscle of inspiration, fibers run caudoventral to pull the ribs forward during inspiration
51
Serratus dorsalis: caudalis versus cranialis
Serratus cranialis: fibers run caudoventral and left ribs for inspiration Serratus caudalis: fibers run craniovental on the last 3 ribs and draws them causally during inspiration
52
External vs internal intercostal muscles
External run caudoventral for inspiration Internal run cranioventral for expiration They bring the ribs together during respiration
53
Intercostal arteries
Receives blood from the aorta and internal thoracic artery and supply intercostal muscles
54
Intercostal nerves
The ventral branches of the first 12 thoracic spinal nerves which innervates the intercostal muscles
55
Axilary lymph node
Dorsal to the deep pectoral muscle; many vessels drain in this node
56
Transverse thoracic muscle
Muscle on the medial surface of the costal cartilage that connects ribs 2-8 to the sternum Used for inspiration
57
Internal thoracic artery
Leaves the subclavian artery and courses ventrocaudally to supply the intercostal arteries and other structures
58
Line of pleural reflection
Where the costal and diaphragmatic pleura meet
59
Part of the mediastinum that surrounds the caudal vena cava
Plica vena cava
60
Root
Where nerves, vessels, arteries enter the lungs Contains the pulmonary artery and vein
61
Pulmonary ligament
Between the caudal lobe of the lung and the mediastinum reaching the esophagus
62
Hylum
Region of the lung where the root is
63
Thymus
Bilobed structure in the mediastinum, it is largest in young dogs and atrophies with age
64
Primary bronchi originate from the
Carina of the trachea
65
Secondary bronchi
Branches of the primary bronchi that insert on the lobes of the lungs
66
Right vs left lung lobe
Right: cranial, middle, caudal, accessory Left: cranial and caudal
67
Cardiac notch
Where the heart is exposed between cranial and medial lobes
68
Aortic impression
On the surface of the left lung where the aorta travels
69
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
Visible around the bronchi origin
70
Brachiocephalic vein
Becomes the cranial vena cava; it’s source is the external jugular vein and subclavian veins
71
Azygous vein
On the right azygous vein develops in the dog, it may enter the right atrium
72
Thoracic duct
Chief channel for lymphatic return to the venous system
73
The cisterna chyli gets lymph from the abdominal and pelvic viscera and continues to become
The thoracic duct
74
Brachiocephalic trunk
First branch of the aortic arch that gives rise to the left and right common carotid arteries and right subclavian artery
75
Left subclavian artery
Branches directly from the aortic arch
76
Vertebral artery
Supplies cervical muscles and is around the first rib going near the midline to the head Branch of subclavian
77
Costocervical trunk
Arises distal to the vertebral artery and supplies the first 3 intercostal muscles and neck
78
Superficial cervical artery
Supplies the base of the neck and scapulae region
79
Bronchial arteries
Supply the lung and come from the intercostal arteries
80
Phrenic nerve
Supplies both motor and sensory to the diaphragm and travels all the way caudally through the thorax after exiting the spinal cord Motor! (somatic)
81
Communicating ramus
Branches off the spinal cord ventrally and is the avenue for preganglionic axons of the sympathetic trunk
82
Splanchnic nerve
Branch of the sympathetic trunk running into the abdominal cavity
83
Sympathetic trunk
Runs laterally along the vertebral column
84
Cranial cervical ganglia
Just ventral to the base of the skull and a branch of the sympathetic trunk Innervates the sympathetic structures of the skull
85
Middle cervical ganglia
Lies at the junction of the ansa subclavia Supplies sympathetic innervation to the heart, bronchi and lungs
86
Branches of the middle cervical ganglia
Cardiac nerves are branches of middle cervical ganglia which give sympathetic innervation to the heart
87
Ansa subclavia
A division of the sympathetic trunk that forms a loop around the subclavian artery
88
Cervicothoracic ganglia
Supply the brachial plexus, it is formed by the cell bodies of the caudal cervical ganglia and the first couple thoracic ganglia
89
Vagus nerve
Tenth cranial nerve that contains parasympathetic preganglionic axons which give innervation to the thoracic and abdominal visceral organs
90
Vagosympathetic trunk
Contains sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
91
Where does the vagus nerve arise
Vagus nerve leaves the vagosympathetic trunk at the level of the middle cervical ganglia where it supplies cardiac nerves and lungs
92
Ventral vs dorsal vagal trunk
Separations of the vagus nerve which ventral goes to the esophagus while dorsal goes to the diaphragm
93
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
On the middle cervical ganglia on the right side, branches off the vagus nerve and curves around the trachea coming off the spinal cord
94
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
lies around the dorsal surface of the esophagus and is a branch of the vagus nerve
95
Recurrent laryngeal nerves send branches to the heart, trachea, and esophagus before terminating as the
Caudal laryngeal nerve of the laryngeal muscles
96
Vertebral nerve
A branch of the cervicothoracic ganglia which goes through the transverse foramen to
97
Smooth muscle innervates by ANS nerves get what type of information
Motor
98
What type of innervation does the vagus nerve give
Both sensory and motor; sensory to the head and motor to abdominal and thoracic organs

Respiration (4 decks)

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