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cardipulmonary > vascular system histology - cole > Flashcards

vascular system histology - cole Flashcards

1
Q

hemangioma

A

abnormally dense collection of capillary vessels

  • common tumors of infancy (10%)
  • focal or diffuse, more secondary complications
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2
Q

naevus flammeus

A

port wine stain

superficial and deep dilated capillaries in the skin

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3
Q

progressive tumor growth is dependent on

A

angiogenesis

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4
Q

heart

A

folded endothelial tube

wall thickened to act as a regulated pump

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5
Q

3 layers of cardiac wall

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

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6
Q

endocardium

A
  • endothelial lining

- subendothelial connective tissue

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7
Q

myocardium

A

functional syncytium of striated cardiac muscle fibers forming 3 major types of cardiac muscle:
artial
ventricular
specialized excitatory/ conductive muscle fibers

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8
Q

epicardium

A
  • visceral layer of pericardium

- low-friction surface lined by mesothelium in contact with parietal pericardial space

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9
Q

cardiomyoctes (3)

A

contractile - to move blood
myoendocrine - produce ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR: stimulates diuresis, excretion of Na+ in urine via increasing GFR, reduces blood volume!
nodal - SA node and AV node - regulate contraction of heart

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10
Q

arteries organized in 3 major tunics/ layers

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa/ adventitia

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11
Q

tunica externa/ adventitia

A
  • outermost layer of blood vessel wall
  • loose CT that contains elastic and collagen fibers
  • anchors vessel to other tissues
  • EXTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA seen separating tunica media from adventitia
  • vasa vasorum
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12
Q

tunica media

A
  • middle layer of vessel wall
  • circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells (M = media, M = muscle)
  • vasoconstriction/ vasodilation
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13
Q

tunica intima/ interna

A
  • innermost layer of bood vessel wall
  • endothelium and subendothelial layer
  • INTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA, external layer of elastic fibers
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14
Q

3 major groups of arteries

A

large elastic arteries
medium-sized muscular arteries
small arteries and arterioles

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15
Q

large elastic arteries that can’t maintain their shape/ weaken result in

A

aneurysm

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16
Q

large elastic (conducting) arteries

  • characteristics
  • systole/ diastole
  • tunica intima, media, adventitia
A
  • receive blood from heart under high pressure
  • keep blood circulating CONTINUOUSLY (heart pumps INTERMITTENTLY)
  • distend during systole, recoil during diastole
  • tunica intima: endothelium and subendothelial CT
  • tunica media: lots of fenestrated elastic sheaths, bundles of smooth muscles permeate the narrow gaps between elastic lamellae
  • TA - vasa vasorum, nervi vasorum, lymphatics recognizable
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17
Q

examples of large elastic (conducting) arteries

A

aorta and its largest branches:

  • brachiocephalic
  • common carotid
  • subclavian
  • common iliac arteries
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18
Q

muscular/ distributing arteries

  • characteristics
  • diameter
  • tunica intima, media, adventitia
A
  • allow selective distribution of blood to different organs in response to functional needs
    diameter: 3 mm or >
    tunica intima - 3 layers: endothelium, subendothelium, internal elastic lamina (IEL)
    tunica media: sig. reduction in elastic components, increase in smooth muscle fibers
    tunica media/ adventitia junction: fenestrated external elastic lamina visible in larger vessels of this group
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19
Q

medium sized arteries examples

A 
axillary
radial
tibial
popliteal
splenic
mesenteric
intercostal arteries
20
Q

regarded as resistance vessels and major determinants of systemic BP

A

arterioles

21
Q

arterioles/ resistance vessels

  • characteristics
  • function
  • structural adaptations
A
  • final branches of arterial system
  • regulate distribution of blood to different capillary beds via vasoconstriction/ vasodilation
  • structural adaptation: walls with circularly arranged smooth muscle
  • partial contraction (tone) of vascular smooth muscle exists in arterioles
22
Q

the site of microcirculation, microvascular bed, composed of

A
  • terminal arteriole (metarteriole)
  • capillary bed
  • postcapillary venules
23
Q

capillary bed consists of

A
  • preferential/ thoroughfare channels (slightly larger capillaries) with CONTINUOUS blood flow
  • true capillaries (small capillaries) with INTERMITTENT blood flow
24
Q

functional units of the CV system

A

capillaries (smallest blood vessels)

- connect arterioels to venules

25
Q

capillary and capillary bed characteristics, layers

A

diameter: 5 - 10 um, large enough to accomodate one RBC, thin enough (0.5 um) for gas diffusion
only has tunica intima! with basement membrane and endothelium only
- capillary bed (10-100 capillaries) functioning together

26
Q

the 3 basic kinds of capillaries

A

continuous - lined by endothelium w/ tight junctions and a basal lamina w/ pericytes
fenestrated - pores or fenestrae (GI and kidney) allowng things to leak out based on charge/ size
sinusoids/ discontinuous capillaries - incomplete endothelial lining and basal lamina w/ gaps or holes between and within endothelial cells (liver and spleen)

27
Q

preferred site of migration of blood cells into tissues (diapedesis)

A

postcapillary venules

28
Q

postcapillary venules.. merge to.. which merge to..

A

postcapillary venules ==> muscular venules ==> series of veins of progressively larger diameter

29
Q

vein wall characteristics vs. arteries

A
  • relatively thin wall

- compliance vessels, distensible wall ==> high capacitance ==> higher content of blood vs. arteries

30
Q

if blood not flowing through valve but pooling underneath, get

A

thrombi!

Deep venous thrombosis

31
Q

vein layers

A
  • tunics but TM/ TA not distinct
  • distinct IEL not seen
  • muscular TM thinner than arteries; smooth muscle cells with irregular orientation, approximately circular
32
Q

hemorrhoids are..

A

dilations of internal or external rectal venous plexuses

33
Q

get varicose veins when..

A

valves in our veins don’t close properly

34
Q

vasculitis

def., DM

A

inflammation of blood vessels

  • blood vessel walls thicken, weaken, narrow/ scar ===> restricts blood flow ==> organ/ tissue damage
  • can have vasculitis specific to different kind of arteries.
35
Q

lymphatic vessels fx

A
  • conduct immune cells and lymph to lymph nodes
  • remove excess fluid accumulated in interstitial spaces
  • transport chylomicrons (lipid-containing particles) through lacteal lymphatic vessels inside intestinal villi
36
Q

lymphatic capillaries
beginning
- wall
- location

A 
begin as dilated tubes with closed ends in proximity to blood capillaries and collect tissue fluid (lymph)
- an endothelium lacking a complete basal lamina
- found in most tissues except:
cartilage
bone
epithelia
CNS
placenta
37
Q

lymphatic drainage - intrinsic contraction

A
  • vessels become expanded by lymph, smooth muscle of wall contracts
  • segment of lymphatic vessel between successive valves (lymphangions) behaves like an automatic pump
38
Q

lymphatic drainage - extrinsic contraction

A

external factors compressing lymph vessel and causing pumping

  • contraction of surrounding muscles during exercise
  • arterial pulsations
  • compression of tissues by forces outside the body
39
Q

result of impaired lymph drainage

A

edema!

excess fluid accumulating in tissue spaces

40
Q

cause of lymphadema

A

defec tin transport of lymph because of abnormal vessel development/ damaged lymphatic vessels

41
Q

parasitic infection of lymphatic vesels by wuchereria bancrofti or brugia malayi worms, transmitted by mosquito bites;
disease name, occurance, effects

A

filariasis (elphantiasis)

  • causes damage to lymphatic vessels with chronic lymphedema of legs and genitals
  • occurs in tropical countries
42
Q

cause of chylous ascites/ chylothorax

A

accumulation of high fat containing fluid, or chyle, in abdomen or thorax as a result of trauma, obstruction, or abnormal development of lymphatic vessels

43
Q

vasoactive substances released by endothelial cells, causing relaxation of smooth muscle
- what else can thye do?

A 
nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin!
- prostacyclin also prevents platelet adhesion and clumping leading to blood clotting
44
Q

very potent vasoconstrictor peptide

A

endothlein 1`

45
Q

capillary endothelial cells are most permeable at? what does this location have the greatest permeability to?

A

at venous end

- most permeable to leukocytes!

46
Q

atherosclerosis results in

A

myocardial infarction
stroke
ischemic gangrene

47
Q

atheroscleorsis is..
which vessels does it effect?
genetics?
correlated with?

A
  • a chronic inflammatory disease (features of inflammation at all stages of development)
  • thickening and hardening of walls of arteries (often ones sustaining high BP) caused by atherosclerotic plaques of lipids, cells and CT deposited in tunica intima
  • does NOT affect veins
  • correlated with serum levels of cholesterol/ LDL
  • familial hypercholesterolemia - genetic defect in lipoprotein metabolism -atherosclerosis and MI before patients reach 20 years of age

cardipulmonary (12 decks)

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